Reconstruction:Proto-Polynesian/haŋafulu

This Proto-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Polynesian

Proto-Polynesian cardinal numbers

<  9	10
Cardinal : *haŋafulu

Etymology

From Proto-Central Pacific *caŋavulu, from Proto-Oceanic *saŋapuluq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa-ŋa-puluq.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˌha.ŋaˈfu.lu/

Numeral

*haŋafulu

1. ten

Descendants

• Niuean: hogofulu
• Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
  • Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
    • Hawaiian: ana-hulu/anahulu
    • Tahitian: ʻahuru
    • Maori: ngahuru (archaic)
    • Rapa Nui: 'aŋahuru
    • South Marquesan: 'onohu'u
  • Samoan: sefulu
• Tongan: hongo-fulu/hongofulu

Notes

This word seems to be composed of a marker (*haŋa-) and a root (*-fulu). The Samoan sefulu shows that some languages have used the root but abandoned the marker. The Tongic languages tend to treat the root as being *-ŋafulu, but the existence of the irregular Tongan word uofulu (“twenty”), from *rua plus a suffix, testifies to the original root being simply (*-fulu). The marker is particular to Polynesian languages; the root derives from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puluq.