Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/kowa

This Proto-Ryukyuan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Ryukyuan

Alternative reconstructions

• *kopa

Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *kəpa (“hard”).

Adjective

*kowa

1. hard

Descendants

• Northern Ryukyuan:
  • Kikai: 強さい (fubasai)
  • Kunigami: 強ーしぇん (fupāshen)
  • Northern Amami-Oshima: 強さり (xohasari)
  • Okinawan: 強さん (kufasan)
  • Oki-No-Erabu: 強さん (fāsan)
  • Southern Amami-Oshima: 強ーさむっ (kwahāsam)
  • Toku-No-Shima: 強ーい (kwāi)
  • Yoron: 強さん (fupasan)
• Southern Ryukyuan:
  • Miyako: 強 (kupa)
  • Yaeyama: 強さん (kōsan)
  • Yonaguni: 強ん (kwan), 強ーん (kwān)

References

• Thorpe, Maner Lawton (1983) Ryūkyūan Language History‎^[1], Doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California, pages 293-294
• Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 833