Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žьvati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Reanalyzed from the present stem of *žuti +‎ *-ati, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-.

Verb

*žьvàti impf

1. Alternative form of *žuti (“to chew”)

   Synonyms: *ďubati, *zobati

Inflection

Conjugation of *žьvati, *žьva, *žujetь (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*žьvanьje	*žьvati	*žьvatъ	*žьvalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*žьvanъ	*žujemъ
Active	*žьvavъ	*žuję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*žьvaxъ	*žьva	*žьva	*žujǫ	*žuješi	*žujetь
Dual	*žьvaxově	*žьvasta	*žьvaste	*žujevě	*žujeta	*žujete
Plural	*žьvaxomъ	*žьvaste	*žьvašę	*žujemъ	*žujete	*žujǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*žьvaaxъ	*žьvaaše	*žьvaaše	—	*žuji	*žuji
Dual	*žьvaaxově	*žьvaašeta	*žьvaašete	*žujivě	*žujita	—
Plural	*žьvaaxomъ	*žьvaašete	*žьvaaxǫ	*žujimъ	*žujite	—

Intensive form: *živati

Derived terms

• *perživati (“to rechew”)
• *žьvanь (“smacking, slurping (noisy eating); mumbling”)
• *žьvàdla (“bit (of horse' bridle)”)
  • *žьvadliti (“to gnaw, to grasp with teeth”)
• *žьvaka, *žьvęka (“chewing gum”)
  • *žьvakati, *žьvačiti (“to chew”)
    • South Slavic:
      • Bulgarian: жва́кам (žvákam), жва́ча (žváča)
      • Macedonian: жвака (žvaka), џвака (džvaka)
    • West Slavic:
      • Czech: žvýkat
  • *žьvękati, *žьvęčiti (“to chew”)
    • South Slavic:
      • Slovene: žvẹkáti, žvẹ́čiti (tonal orthography)

Related terms

• *žuti (“to chew”)
  • *žuka, *žuna (“buccal cavity”)
• *gъvakati, *gъvъkati, *gъvъčiti (“to chew, to munch”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: жава́ць (žavácʹ)
  • Russian: жева́ть (ževátʹ), colloquially: жува́ть (žuvátʹ)
  • Ukrainian: жува́ти (žuváty)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: жьвати (žĭvati) (Serbian rendition)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: žváti
    • ⇒ Czech: žvýkat
  • Polabian: zåvat
  • Old Polish: żwać
    • Polish: żuć
  • Slovak: žuť (merged with reflexes of *žuti)
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: žwać
    • Lower Sorbian: žuś (merged with reflexes of *žuti)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “жевать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “жвакам, жвача”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 526
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “гвакам”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 234
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “дъвча, дъвкам, дъвкотя”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 453