Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yudruk

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

The ultimate origin is unknown.

Related to Proto-Tungusic *nurga (“fist”), and Proto-Mongolic *nidurga (“fist”) through borrowing and not by inheritance. The Tungusic word was borrowed from Mongolic, itself cognate to the Turkic word, and either borrowed from Turkic, or loaned into Turkic, as several internal etymologies for the Mongolic form have been proposed. As regards *ń-, Doerfer deemed only the comparison of Mongolic *nudurga (“fist”) Turkic *yudruk acceptable and claimed that the Mongolic form might have been dissimilated from *dudurga. In a later study in which the consonants had not undergone any changes during the formation of Proto-Common-Turkic and Proto-Bulgar-Turkic, it is possible and quite likely that Proto-Turkic had the same initials *p-, *ń- and *d₂- as well.

Even though suggested to be a derivation from *yum- (“to close (of eyes)”); Bashkir, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid and other descendants contradict this derivation. According to Nişanyan, the word was contamined by *yum- rather than derived from it.

Noun

*yudruk

1. fist

Reconstruction notes

According to historical chronology, *yumruk seems to have later replaced *yudruk.

The original word likely started with *ń-, however, no descendants preserve this sound, so it is given with an inital *y- here instead.

Declension

Declension of *yudruk

	singular 3)
nominative	*yudruk
accusative	*yudrukug, *yudruknï1)
genitive	*yudruknuŋ
dative	*yudrukka
locative	*yudrukda
ablative	*yudrukdan
allative	*yudrukgaru
instrumental 2)	*yudrukun
equative 2)	*yudrukča
similative 2)	*yudruklayu
comitative 2)	*yudruklugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Alternative reconstructions

• *yïdruk
• *ńudruk (by Clauson)
• *yumduruk (by Räsänen)

Descendants

• Proto-Common Turkic: *yudruk

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: zumruq
• Proto-Oghuz: *yumruk
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yumruq)
    • Azerbaijani: yumruq
    • Gagauz: yumuruk
    • Ottoman Turkish: یومروق (yumruk)
      • Turkish: yumruk
      • → Bulgarian: юмрук (jumruk)
  • Salar: yuğurdaq
  • Turkmen: ýumruk
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: يُذْرُقْ (yuδruq)
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (yumruk)
• Kipchak: *yumruk, *yudruk
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: йомрык (yomrıq), йодрык (yodrıq)
    • Bashkir: йоҙроҡ (yoźroq)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: yumruq, yumrıq
    • Karachay-Balkar: джумдурукъ (cumduruq)
    • Karaim:
    • Kumyk: юмурукъ (yumuruq)
    • Urum: йумрух
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak:
      • Kazakh: жұдырық (jūdyryq), жұмырық (jūmyryq)
      • Nogai: юмырык (yumırık)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: жудурук (juduruk)
      • Southern Altai: јудрук (ǰudruk)
• Siberian: *yudruk
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Uyghur: yydrwq (yïdruq)
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (uzïrïq)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: сутурук (suturuk), сутурух (suturuq)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tofa: нюдуруӄ (ńuduruq)
      • Tuvan: чудурук (çuduruk)
    • Yeniseian:
      • Khakas: мунзурух (munzurux), нузурух (nuzurux)
      • Shor: [script needed] (nuzruq)
    • Northern Altai: ньундурук (nʹunduruk)

See also

• *yum-
• *yum
• *yumruk
• *yumduruk

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975). Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Bde. I–IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
• Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*yudruk”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Clauson, Gerard (1972), An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 892
• Sevortjan, E. V.; Levitskaja, L. S. (1989), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, pages 248-249
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 253
• Eren, Hasan (1999), “yudruk”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎^[3] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi