Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yum

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *ǯem-(-ia-) (“orbed, spherical”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Adjective

*yum

1. round

Noun

*yum

1. ball of wool
2. thread

Declension

Declension of *yum

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yum
Accusative	*yumnï, *yumug 4), *yumnïg 1)
Genitive	*yumnïŋ
Dative	*yumka
Locative	*yumda
Ablative	*yumdan
Allative	*yumgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yumun
Equative 2)	*yumča
Similative 2)	*yumlayu
Comitative 2)	*yumlugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Proto-Turkic: *yumgak (“ball of wool, thread”)

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ҫӑмха (śămh̬a, “ball”)
• Common Turkic:
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: yumaq
      • Ottoman Turkish: یوماق (yumak)
        • Turkish: yumak
      • Turkmen: ýumak
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: [script needed] (jumɣaq, “globular or round thing”)
      • Chagatai: [script needed] (yumaq, “ball of wool”)
        • Uzbek: yumaloq (“round, ball”)
  • Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yumaq, “thread rolled into a ball”):
    • North Kipchak:
      • Tatar: йомгак (yomgak), yomğaq
    • South Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
        • Southern Altai: јумгак (ǰumgak)
  • Siberian:
    • South Siberian
      • Khakas: ныңмах (nıñmax)

• Proto-Turkic: *yumru (“round”)

• Common Turkic:
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: yumru
      • Ottoman Turkish: یومرو (yumru)
        • Turkish: yumru
      • Turkmen: ýumry
  • Kipchak:
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir: йомро (yomro), йоморо (yomoro)
      • Tatar: йомры (yomrı)
    • South Kipchak:
      • Caspian:
        • Kazakh: жұмыр (jūmyr)
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
        • Kyrgyz: жумуру (jumuru)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jum-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill