User:Muke/grc
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Ancient Greek
[edit]Alphabet
[edit]Native | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ϝ | Ζ | Η | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο | Π | Ϻ | Ϙ | Ρ | Σ | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω | Ϡ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Romanized | a | b | g | d | e | v | z | ē | th | i | c | l | m | n | x | o | p | s | q | r | s | t | y | ph | ch | ps | ō | (ss) |
Digraphs
[edit]Native | ΑΙ | ΕΙ | ΟΙ | ΑΥ | ΕΥ | ΗΥ | ΟΥ | ΡΡ | ΓΓ | ΓΚ | ΓΧ | ΓΞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Romanized | ae | ī | oe | au | eu | ēu | ū | rrh | ng | nc | nch | nx |
Note: This may look weird, but that's because it's a Romanization, not a strict transliteration. Following this practice is why we have dinosaurs and not *deinosaurs (δεινός), music not *mousic (μουσική), and archaeology and not *archaiology (ἀρχαῖος).
- h for the rough breathing.
- Use -os, -ē, -on, not Latinate -us, -a, -um.
- Don't transliterate iota subscript unless relevant.
Pronunciation
[edit]Classical
[edit]Consonants
[edit]approx | fric | vl stop | vl aspirate | vd stop | nasal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labials | (w) | p | pʰ | b | m | |
dentals | j l r | s | t | tʰ | d | n |
velars | k | kʰ | ɡ | ŋ | ||
glottal | h |
- Length is distinctive in consonants, thus /sː (s:)/
- Gamma is /ŋ/ before /m/ (and /n/, too, I think).
- The clusters represented by ψ, ξ were originally (where those letters had not been introduced) spelt ΦΣ, ΧΣ, implying that they were [pʰs kʰs]; for simplicity's sake and common practice it will probably be better to write /ps ks/ as the aspiration appears to be secondary.
- Use /zd/ for ζ. Like it or not, that's the generally proclaimed value.
Vowels
[edit]front | back | |
---|---|---|
high | i iː y yː | uː |
close-mid | e eː | o |
open-mid | ɛː | ɔː |
low | a aː |
- The digraphs ει and ου were originally diphthongs ("genuine diphthongs"). The diphthong ει soon became /eː/, opposed to the plain letter η /ɛː/. ου was originally /oː/ opposed to ω /ɔː/, but soon became /uː/. After the genuine diphthongs monophthongized, their spellings began to be used for their homophones, sounds previously spelled ε and ο (long, but like the other vowels α ι υ, not marked as such). Thus the "spurious diphthongs".
- During this period iota subscript was still pronounced, though perhaps in the process of being lost. Thus, /aːj/, /ɛːj/, /ɔːj/, or perhaps like /ɔː(j)/.
Pitch
[edit]- Acute accent, high pitch, e.g. IPA /é/.
- Circumflex accent, falling pitch, e.g. IPA /ê/.
- Grave accent, no pitch, e.g. IPA /e/.
Koine
[edit]Consonants
[edit]approx | vl stop | vl fricative | vd fricative | nasal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
labials | p | f | β | m | |
dentals | j l r | t | s θ | z ð | n |
velars | k | x | ɣ | ŋ |
Vowels
[edit]front | back | |
---|---|---|
high | i | u |
mid | e | o |
low | a |
Accent
[edit]- The Koine greatly simplified the sound system of Greek.... Besides the obliteration of nearly all diphthongs, the pitch accent was replaced by a stress accent, ordinary /ˈ/. If there was a secondary accent I don't know how it would be placed...
Citation Form
[edit]λέξις, -εως, ἡ f (lexis)
- Mark the long vowels here; don't use macrons in page titles.
- Link to the appropriate declension.
- Transliteration goes on this line also.
- A word with a digamma should link to that as an ===Alternative spelling===.