User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tper-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*tper-

1. thunder, lightning
2. god, lord

Related forms

*ḱew-r̥ ~ ḱw-én-s (“lightning; holy”)

• *ḱwén-ti-s ~ *ḱun-téy-s
  • Old Armenian: շանթ (šantʻ, “lightning, thunderbolt”)

• *ḱwen-tos
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwentas
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwantas
    • Proto-Iranian: *cwantah
      • Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta, “holy”)
        • → Persian: سپنتا (sepantâ)
      • Persian: سپند (sipand)

• *ḱun-slo-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *hunslą (“offering, sacrifice”)

• *ḱérh₂-wr̥ ~ *ḱr̥h₂-wén-s
  • *ḱerh₂un-ó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *keraunós
      • Ancient Greek: κεραυνός (keraunós, “thunderbolt, lightning strike”)

• *ḱéru-s ~ *ḱréw-s
  • *ḱerew-nó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kereunós (ευ (eu) > αυ (au))
      • Ancient Greek: κεραυνός (keraunós, “thunderbolt, lightning strike”)

• Ancient Greek: ἀστραπή (astrapḗ, “lightning”)

Derived forms

• *tpér-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Hittite: [script needed] (ta-pár-ri-ya-iz-zi /⁠tapariyazi⁠/, “to govern, lord over”)

• *tpor-
  • Old Armenian: որոտ (orot, “thunder”)

• *tper-dyew-
  • Thracian: Ζβελσοΰρδος (Zvelsoÿ́rdos), Ζβερθοῦρδος (Zverthoῦrdos), Ζβελθιοῦρδος (Zvelthioῦrdos), Ζβερθιοῦρδος (Zverthioῦrdos), Ζβελθουρδος (Zvelthourdos), [script needed] ([Z]beltiu[rd]us), [script needed] (Zp[ert]urd[us]), [script needed] (Zḅ[el][t]iurd[us])

• OI erc ‘sky’

*tp-né-r-ti ~ *tp-n̥-r-ént (nasal-infix)

• *ptn̥r-ó-s (or *ptérw-ō ~ *ptur-né-s?)
  • Proto-Germanic: *þunraz (“thunder”), *Þunraz (“thunder god”)

*tper-ḗn ~ *tpr̥-né-s

• *tporen-o-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *toranos (“thunder”), *Toranos (“thunder god”)

• *tperén-ti-s ~ *tpern̥-téy-s
  • >? Albanian: perëndi (“god, deity”) (possibly, alternatively < perëndoj (“to set (of the sun)”), perhaps ⇐ Latin perendiē (“day after tomorrow”))

*tpér-u ~ *tpr-éw-s

• *tperu-Hṓ ~ *tpur-Hné-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *perūnas
    • Proto-Slavic: *perunъ (“thunder, lightning”), *Perunъ (“god of thunder and lightning”) (see there for further descendants)

*tper-ḱew-

• *tperḱéw-ō ~ *tperḱu-né-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *fergwô
    • Old Norse: fjörg (nom.pl.)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fergwunjō
      • Old Norse: Fjörgyn f (“mother of deity Thor”)
  • *tperḱwón-yo-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parǰányas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parȷ́ányas
        • Sanskrit: पर्जन्य (parjánya, “rain-cloud; rain”), पर्जन्य (Parjánya, “god of rain”)

• *tperḱéw-Hō ~ *tperḱu-Hn-és
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *perkūnas (or + *-ūnas)
    • Latvian: pḕrkuôns, pḕrkuonis, pḕrkàunis, pę̄rkauns, pę̄rkūns
    • Lithuanian: perkū́nas
    • Old Prussian: percunis

• Ancient Greek: τερπικέραυνος (terpikéraunos)