Wiktionary:About Chinese/Gan
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Wiktionary uses the following system to transcribe Nanchang dialect of Gan Chinese. See Module:gan-pron for the codes.
Initials
[edit]IPA | Xiong (1979[1], 1994[2]) | MFCCD[3] | Transcription | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/p/ | p | p | b | 巴 | |
/pʰ/ | p‘ | pʰ | p | 爬 | |
/m/ | m | m | m | 馬 | |
/f/ | f | f | f | 花 | |
/t/ | t | t | d | 打 | |
/tʰ/ | t‘ | tʰ | t | 他 | |
/l/ | l | l | l | 拉 | |
/t͡s/ | ts | ʦ | z | 遮 | |
/t͡sʰ/ | ts‘ | ʦʰ | c | 車 | |
/s/ | s | s | s | 沙 | |
/t͡ɕ/ | tɕ | ʨ | j | 姐 | only before high front vowels |
/t͡ɕʰ/ | tɕ‘ | ʨʰ | q | 且 | only before high front vowels |
/n̠ʲ/ | ȵ | ȵ | ny | 膩 | only before high front vowels |
/ɕ/ | ɕ | ɕ | x | 寫 | only before high front vowels |
/k/ | k | k | g | 家 | |
/kʰ/ | k‘ | kʰ | k | 抲 | |
/ŋ/ | ŋ | ŋ | ng | 丫 | |
/h/ | h | h | h | 蝦 |
Rhymes
[edit]IPA | Xiong (1994)[2] | MFCCD[3] | Transcription | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/z̩/ | ɿ | ɿ | i | 資 | only after /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/ |
/i/ | i | i | i | 衣 | |
/u/ | u | u | u | 烏 | |
/y/ | y | y | y | 迂 | |
/a/ | a | ɑ | a | 丫 | |
/ia/ | ia | iɑ | ia | 爺 | |
/ua/ | ua | uɑ | ua | 娃 | |
/o/ | o | o | o | 我 | |
/uo/ | uo | uo | uo | 窩 | |
/e/ | e | e | e | 許 | |
/ie/ | ie | ie | ie | 渠 | |
/ue/ | ue | - | ue | - | |
/ye/ | ye | ye | ye | 靴 | |
/ɵ/ | ɵ | ɵ | eo | 而 | |
/m̩/ | m̩ | - | m | 姆 | zero initial |
/n̩/ | n̩ | n̍ | n | 你 | zero initial |
/ŋ̍/ | ŋ̍ | ŋ̍ | ng | 五 | zero initial |
/ai/ | ai | ai | ai | 愛 | |
/uai/ | uai | uai | uai | 歪 | |
/oi/ | oi | - | oi | - | only used for interjections |
/ei/ | ei | - | ei | - | only used in contractions |
/ɨi/ | ɨi | ɨi | i | 灰 | only after /f/ |
/ui/ | ui | ui | ui | 委 | |
/au/ | au | ɑu | au | 咬 | |
/ɛu/ | ɛu | ɛu | eu | 猴 | |
/iɛu/ | iɛu | iɛu | ieu | 腰 | |
/ɨu/ | ɨu | ɨu | iu | 洲 | only after /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/ |
/iu/ | iu | iu | iu | 優 | |
/an/ | an | an | an | 淹 | |
/uan/ | uan | uan | uan | 彎 | |
/ɵn/ | on | ɵn | on | 安 | |
/uɵn/ | uon | uɵn | uon | 完 | |
/yɵn/ | yon | yɵn | yon | 冤 | |
/ɛn/ | ɛn | ɛn | en | 恆 | |
/iɛn/ | iɛn | iɛn | ien | 煙 | |
/ɨn/ | ɨn | ɨn | iin | 本 | |
/in/ | in | in | in | 陰 | |
/un/ | un | un | un | 文 | |
/yn/ | yn | yn | yn | 雲 | |
/aŋ/ | aŋ | ɑŋ | ang | 坑 | |
/iaŋ/ | iaŋ | iɑŋ | iang | 影 | |
/uaŋ/ | uaŋ | uɑŋ | uang | 橫 | |
/ɔŋ/ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ong | 巷 | |
/iɔŋ/ | iɔŋ | iɔŋ | iong | 羊 | |
/uɔŋ/ | uɔŋ | uɔŋ | uong | 王 | |
/uŋ/ | uŋ | uŋ | ung | 翁 | |
/iuŋ/ | iuŋ | iuŋ | iung | 擁 | |
/at̚/ | at | aʔ | at | 鴨 | |
/uat̚/ | uat | uaʔ | uat | 挖 | |
/ɵt̚/ | ot | ɵʔ | ot | 喝 | |
/uɵt̚/ | uot | uɵʔ | uot | 活 | |
/yɵt̚/ | yot | yɵʔ | yot | 越 | |
/ɛt̚/ | ɛt | ɛʔ | et | 黑 | |
/iɛt̚/ | iɛt | iɛʔ | iet | 頁 | |
/uɛt̚/ | uɛt | uɛʔ | uet | 國 | |
/ɨt̚/ | ɨt | ɨʔ | iit | 不 | |
/it̚/ | it | iʔ | it | 一 | |
/ut̚/ | ut | uɨʔ | ut | 骨 | |
/yt̚/ | yt | yʔ | yt | 屈 | |
/aʔ/ | aʔ | ɑʔ | ah | 客 | |
/iaʔ/ | iaʔ | iɑʔ | iah | 額 | |
/uaʔ/ | uaʔ | - | uah | - | |
/ɔʔ/ | ɔʔ | ɔʔ | oh | 惡 | |
/iɔʔ/ | iɔʔ | iɔʔ | ioh | 藥 | |
/uɔʔ/ | uɔʔ | uɔʔ | uoh | 郭 | |
/uʔ/ | uʔ | uʔ | uh | 屋 | |
/iuʔ/ | iuʔ | iuʔ | iuh | 肉 |
Suprasegmentals
[edit]Tones
[edit]Tone name | Tone value (Wiktionary; Xiong, 1979[1], 1994[2]) | Tone value (MFCCD[3]) | Transcription | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dark level | 42 | 1 | 翻 | ||
light level (A) | 24 | 2 | 襻 | only with aspirated initials | |
rising | 213 | 3 | 反 | ||
dark departing (or light level B) | 35 | 45 | 4 | 凡 | only with unaspirated initials |
light departing | 11 | 21 | 5 | 飯 | |
dark checked | 5 | 6 | 法 | ||
light checked | 2 | 7 | 罰 | ||
neutral | (unmarked) | 朋友 |
Tone sandhi
[edit]Stress
[edit]Stress is indicated by an apostrophe (') before the syllable.
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 熊正辉 [Xiong Zhenghui] (1979 November 24) “南昌方言的声调及其演变”, in 方言, number 4, year 1979, pages 275–283
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 熊正辉 [Xiong Zhenghui], editor (1994), Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects: Dictionary of the Nanchang Dialect
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–