araf

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *araβ̃, from Proto-Celtic *aramos (“quiet”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥h₁-mo-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to rest; quiet”). Cognate with Sanskrit ईरमा (īrmā́, “to keep still”), रात्री (rātrī, “night”), Ancient Greek ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rest”), German Ruhe (“rest”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈarav/

Adjective

araf

1. slow, leisurely

Derived terms

• araueð (“slowness”)

Descendants

• Welsh: araf

Mutation

Mutated forms of araf

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
araf	unchanged	unchanged	haraf

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Middle Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Matasović, Ranko (2009), “aramo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 39-40

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish اعراف (araf), from Arabic أَعْرَاف (ʔaʕrāf), plural of عُرْف (ʕurf, “crest, height”).

Noun

araf (definite accusative arafı, uncountable)

1. (Islam) A'raf, a limbo realm between Heaven and Hell inhabited by those whose sins and virtues are evenly balanced.
2. purgatory

Welsh

Bilingual road markings in Wales

Etymology

From Middle Welsh araf.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ˈarav/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ˈara/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈa(ː)rav/

Adjective

araf (feminine singular araf, plural araf, equative arafed, comparative arafach, superlative arafaf)

1. slow

   Siaradwch yn araf os gwelwch yn dda.

   Speak slowly please.

2. long-winded, prolix

   Synonyms: hirfaith, cwmasog

3. tedious

   Synonyms: diddiwedd, blinderus

4. slow-witted

   Synonyms: pŵl, dwl, musgrell

Derived terms

• arafaidd, arafus (“slowish”)
• arafu (“to slow down”)
• arafwch (“slowness”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of araf

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
araf	unchanged	unchanged	haraf

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “araf”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “araf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies