κάρφω
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Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)krebʰ- (“to wither, warp, stiffen”), which Frisk considers sound-symbolic, with cognates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic including Russian коро́бить (koróbitʹ, “to bend, warp”), Lithuanian skrèbti (“to get stiff”), Old Norse skorpna (“to writhe, wither”). However, the consistent α-vocalism of the Greek words is problematic; based on this, Beekes derives the Greek word from Pre-Greek. It is still possible that the Balto-Slavic and Germanic terms are cognate with the Greek, whether via borrowing from a common substrate source, or via irregular sound changes from *(s)krebʰ- which are not particularly unusual for sound-symbolic roots, as Frisk notes.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kár.pʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkar.pʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈkar.ɸo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈkar.fo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈkar.fo/
Verb
[edit]κᾰ́ρφω • (kárphō)
Inflection
[edit] Present: κᾰ́ρφω, κᾰ́ρφομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | κᾰ́ρψω | κᾰ́ρψεις | κᾰ́ρψει | κᾰ́ρψετον | κᾰ́ρψετον | κᾰ́ρψομεν | κᾰ́ρψετε | κᾰ́ρψουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | κᾰ́ρψοιμῐ | κᾰ́ρψοις | κᾰ́ρψοι | κᾰ́ρψοιτον | κᾰρψοίτην | κᾰ́ρψοιμεν | κᾰ́ρψοιτε | κᾰ́ρψοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | κᾰ́ρψομαι | κᾰ́ρψῃ, κᾰ́ρψει |
κᾰ́ρψεται | κᾰ́ρψεσθον | κᾰ́ρψεσθον | κᾰρψόμεθᾰ | κᾰ́ρψεσθε | κᾰ́ρψονται | ||||
optative | κᾰρψοίμην | κᾰ́ρψοιο | κᾰ́ρψοιτο | κᾰ́ρψοισθον | κᾰρψοίσθην | κᾰρψοίμεθᾰ | κᾰ́ρψοισθε | κᾰ́ρψοιντο | |||||
active | middle | ||||||||||||
infinitive | κᾰ́ρψειν | κᾰ́ρψεσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | κᾰ́ρψων | κᾰρψόμενος | ||||||||||
f | κᾰ́ρψουσᾰ | κᾰρψομένη | |||||||||||
n | κᾰ́ρψον | κᾰρψόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
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Derived terms
[edit]- κᾰρφᾰλέος (karphaléos)
- καρφαρεῖον (karphareîon)
- κᾰρφεῖᾰ (karpheîa)
- κᾰρφηρός (karphērós)
- κᾰρφῐ́ον (karphíon)
- κᾰρφῐσμός (karphismós)
- κᾰρφῑ́της (karphī́tēs)
- κᾰρφοειδής (karphoeidḗs)
- κᾰρφολογέω (karphologéō)
- καρφομιγής (karphomigḗs)
- καρφοπέταλον (karphopétalon)
- κᾰ́ρφος (kárphos)
- κᾰρφώδης (karphṓdēs)
- καρφώνω (karphṓnō)
- κᾰτᾰκᾰ́ρφω (katakárphō)
- ὑποκᾰ́ρφω (hupokárphō)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάρφω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 651-2
Further reading
[edit]- “κάρφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κάρφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- κάρφω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette