ἥμερος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Of unclear origin; not related to ἡμέρᾱ (hēmérā, “day”). Some proposed theories:

• Related to Sanskrit यम् (yam, “to restrain, tame, subdue”), and thus from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to restrain, seize”).
• Related to Proto-West Germanic *samft(ī) (“soft, gentle”) and Sanskrit सान्त्व (sāntva, “gentleness, consolation”), and thus from Proto-Indo-European *sóm-tu-s, itself a derivative of *sem- (“one, together”).
• Related to Proto-Germanic *jēmaraz (“sad, sorrowful, miserable”), which is generally thought to be of the same origin as यम् (yam) above.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hɛ̌ː.me.ros/ → /ˈi.me.ros/ → /ˈi.me.ros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hɛ̌ː.me.ros/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)e̝.me.ros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.me.ros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.me.ros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.me.ros/

Adjective

ἥμερος • (hḗmeros) m or f (neuter ἥμερον); second declension or
ἥμερος • (hḗmeros) m (feminine ἡμέρᾱ, neuter ἥμερον); first/second declension

1. tame, civilized, cultivated

Inflection

As a two-ending adjective:

Second declension of ἥμερος; ἥμερον (Attic)

Number		Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ἥμερος hḗmeros	ἥμερον hḗmeron		ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρω hēmérō		ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμερᾰ hḗmera
Genitive		ἡμέρου hēmérou	ἡμέρου hēmérou		ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέροιν hēméroin		ἡμέρων hēmérōn	ἡμέρων hēmérōn
Dative		ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi	ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi		ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέροιν hēméroin		ἡμέροις hēmérois	ἡμέροις hēmérois
Accusative		ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἥμερον hḗmeron		ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρω hēmérō		ἡμέρους hēmérous	ἥμερᾰ hḗmera
Vocative		ἥμερε hḗmere	ἥμερον hḗmeron		ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρω hēmérō		ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμερᾰ hḗmera
Derived forms		Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
		ἡμέρως hēmérōs			ἡμερώτερος hēmerṓteros			ἡμερώτᾰτος hēmerṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

As a three-ending adjective:

First and second declension of ἥμερος; ἡμέρᾱ; ἥμερον (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ἥμερος hḗmeros	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἥμερον hḗmeron		ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἡμέρω hēmérō		ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμεραι hḗmerai	ἥμερᾰ hḗmera
Genitive		ἡμέρου hēmérou	ἡμέρᾱς hēmérās	ἡμέρου hēmérou		ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέραιν hēmérain	ἡμέροιν hēméroin		ἡμέρων hēmérōn	ἡμέρων hēmérōn	ἡμέρων hēmérōn
Dative		ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi	ἡμέρᾳ hēmérāi	ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi		ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέραιν hēmérain	ἡμέροιν hēméroin		ἡμέροις hēmérois	ἡμέραις hēmérais	ἡμέροις hēmérois
Accusative		ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρᾱν hēmérān	ἥμερον hḗmeron		ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἡμέρω hēmérō		ἡμέρους hēmérous	ἡμέρᾱς hēmérās	ἥμερᾰ hḗmera
Vocative		ἥμερε hḗmere	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἥμερον hḗmeron		ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἡμέρω hēmérō		ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμεραι hḗmerai	ἥμερᾰ hḗmera
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ἡμέρως hēmérōs				ἡμερώτερος hēmerṓteros				ἡμερώτᾰτος hēmerṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἀνήμερος (anḗmeros, “uncultivated, rough, wild”)
• ἡμερία (hēmería, “tameness, gentleness, cultivation”)
• ἡμερίδης (hēmerídēs, “regarding an improved vine”)
• ἡμερίς (hēmerís, “improved vine”)
• ἡμερότης (hēmerótēs, “tameness, gentleness, cultivation”)
• ἡμερόφυλλος (hēmeróphullos, “with improved leaves; improved”)
• ἡμερόω (hēmeróō, “to tame, cultivate, improve”)
• ἡμέρωμα (hēmérōma, “cultivated plant”)
• ἡμέρωσις (hēmérōsis, “improvement, cultivation”)
• ἡμερωτής (hēmerōtḗs, “tamer”)

 

Descendants

• Greek: ήμερος (ímeros)

Further reading

• “ἥμερος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἥμερος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἥμερος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἥμερος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ἥμερος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ἥμερος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G3022 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • civilised idem, page 134.
  • cultivated idem, page 188.
  • domestic idem, page 246.
  • gentle idem, page 357.
  • kind idem, page 469.
  • lenient idem, page 485.
  • mild idem, page 529.
  • tame idem, page 855.
  • tractable idem, page 885.
• “ἥμερος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011