Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*sem-

1. together, one

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sem- (59 c, 0 e)

• *sḗm (“one”)
• *sēm-i (“half”)
• *sm̥- (compounding stem)
• *sem-ǵʰo-
  • Proto-Albanian: *semdza
    • Albanian: gjithë
  • Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi
    • Latin: singulī
• *som-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sam-
    • Old Norse: sam- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam- (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱóm-som-^?
  • >? Proto-Hellenic: *ksún (possibly)
    • Ancient Greek: σῠ́ν (sŭ́n), σῠν- (sŭn-) — prefix, ξῠ́ν (xŭ́n) — Homeric, Old Attic, σούν (soún) — Boeotian
      • Greek: συν (syn)
      • Yevanic: שִׁין (šin)
      • → Dutch: syn-
      • → English: syn-, sym-
      • → French: syn-
      • → German: syn-
      • → Italian: sin-, sim-, sil-
      • → Polish: syn-
    • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)
• *som-H-ós (“same”)
• *sm̥mo- (“some, any”, enclitic) or *sm̥Ho-
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • ⇒ Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
      • Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’) — apocopic, ἁμᾶ (hamâ) — Laconian, Doric
      • Greek: άμα (áma)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: सम (sama, “any, every, whichever”)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama, “any”)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (hama-, “all”)
      • ⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (hmʾk' /⁠hamāg⁠/, “all”)
        • Persian: همه (hame, “all”)
• *sem-h₂-lo-
  • Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)
    • Old Irish: samail, amal
    • Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal
      • Welsh: fel
      • Cornish: avel
      • Breton: evel
  • Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)
• *sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros
    • Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)

      Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)

      Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)

• *sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)
  • Proto-Armenian: *hangi-
    • Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
      • Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʻel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʻyal)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-
    • Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-
      • Alanic:
        • Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Celtic: *samiti
  • Proto-Brythonic: *hėβ̃ɨd
    • Middle Welsh: heuyt
      • Welsh: hefyd
• Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *sin-
  • Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
    • Old English: sin-, sine-
    • Old Saxon: sin-
    • Old High German: sin-
  • Old Norse: sí-
    • Faroese: sí-
  • ⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *s(u)mád
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *s(u)mád
    • Sanskrit: सुमत् (sumát), स्मत् (smát, “with”)
• Proto-Italic:
  • Latin: simītū

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag

Further reading

• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Draw (water)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 169
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Put in order”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 472
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Once”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 410
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Alone”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 12
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “One”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 399
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Half”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 253
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Seasons”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 504
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Some”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 532
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Same”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 499
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “With”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 646