Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]- Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.
Usage notes
[edit]In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare:
- Sanskrit: उद् (ud, “above”) → उत्तर (uttara, “upper”)
- Greek: δεξιός (dexiós, “right”) → δεξιτερός (dexiterós, “right”) (as opposed to "left")
- Latin: māter (“mother”) → mātertera (“maternal aunt”) (literally "the mother one").
In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives:
- Greek: γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) → γλυκύτερος (glukúteros, “sweeter”)
In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other":
or possessives:
Inflection
[edit]| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-teros | *-tereh₂ | |
| genitive | *-terosyo | *-tereh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-teros | *-teroh₁ | *-teroes |
| vocative | *-tere | *-teroh₁ | *-teroes |
| accusative | *-terom | *-teroh₁ | *-teroms |
| genitive | *-terosyo | *? | *-teroHom |
| ablative | *-teread | *? | *-teromos, *-terobʰos |
| dative | *-teroey | *? | *-teromos, *-terobʰos |
| locative | *-terey, *-teroy | *? | *-teroysu |
| instrumental | *-teroh₁ | *? | *-terōys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-tereh₂ | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂es |
| vocative | *-tereh₂ | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂es |
| accusative | *-terām | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-tereh₂s | *? | *-tereh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-tereh₂s | *? | *-tereh₂mos, *-tereh₂bʰos |
| dative | *-tereh₂ey | *? | *-tereh₂mos, *-tereh₂bʰos |
| locative | *-tereh₂, *-tereh₂i | *? | *-tereh₂su |
| instrumental | *-tereh₂h₁ | *? | *-tereh₂mis, *-tereh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
| vocative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
| accusative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
| genitive | *-terosyo | *? | *-teroHom |
| ablative | *-teread | *? | *-teromos, *-terobʰos |
| dative | *-teroey | *? | *-teromos, *-terobʰos |
| locative | *-terey, *-teroy | *? | *-teroysu |
| instrumental | *-teroh₁ | *? | *-terōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Germanic: *-þeraz (as in *anþeraz)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-teros
- Proto-Italic: *-teros
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taras
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2117
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 1: Einleitung, Terminologie, Lautgesetze, Adverbialendungen, Nominalsuffixe, Anhänge und Indices, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 211-2
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 63
Further reading
[edit]- Marek Majer (2012), What happened to PIE kʷotero- in Slavic?