خاتم

Arabic

Alternative forms

• خَاتَام (ḵātām), خَيْتَام (ḵaytām), خَاتِيَام (ḵātiyām)

Etymology

Of uncertain chain of etymology; once thought to be a borrowing from Aramaic, but deemed unlikely as had the word been borrowed from Biblical Hebrew חוֹתָם (ḥōtām) or Aramaic חוֹתָמָא (ḥōtāmā) / ܚܵܘܬܵܡܵܐ (ḥāwtāmā, “seal”), it would probably have started with a /ḥ/, unless the Arabic has been borrowed from it in the incipient 1st millennium BC or earlier when Aramaic still distinguished the sounds; the initial /ḫ/ in Arabic word suggests therefore that it is derived from the same source as the latter. Ultimately suspected to be from or related to Egyptian ḫtm (“seal”), however not being attested in Akkadian or Ugaritic. The root خ ت م (ḵ-t-m) “related to finishing, sealing” would then be derived from this borrowing; the like in every Semitic language.

Alternatively, there is a hypothetical reconstruction as Proto-Afroasiatic *qatam- (“ring, signet”), being the source of both the Proto-Semitic *ḫatm- and Egyptian ḫtm, as well as Miya katam (“ring”) potentially a separate West Chadic development. Compare also طَابَع (ṭābaʕ, “seal, stamp”), representing an Akkadian equivalent and for more on the foreign pattern فَاعَل (fāʕal) see عَالَم (ʕālam).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xaː.tam/, /xaː.tim/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

خَاتَم or خَاتِم • (ḵātam or ḵātim) m (plural خَوَاتِم (ḵawātim))

1. signet, seal ring
2. ring

Declension

Declension of noun خَاتَم (ḵātam)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَاتَم ḵātam	الْخَاتَم al-ḵātam	خَاتَم ḵātam
Nominative	خَاتَمٌ ḵātamun	الْخَاتَمُ al-ḵātamu	خَاتَمُ ḵātamu
Accusative	خَاتَمًا ḵātaman	الْخَاتَمَ al-ḵātama	خَاتَمَ ḵātama
Genitive	خَاتَمٍ ḵātamin	الْخَاتَمِ al-ḵātami	خَاتَمِ ḵātami
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَاتَمَيْن ḵātamayn	الْخَاتَمَيْن al-ḵātamayn	خَاتَمَيْ ḵātamay
Nominative	خَاتَمَانِ ḵātamāni	الْخَاتَمَانِ al-ḵātamāni	خَاتَمَا ḵātamā
Accusative	خَاتَمَيْنِ ḵātamayni	الْخَاتَمَيْنِ al-ḵātamayni	خَاتَمَيْ ḵātamay
Genitive	خَاتَمَيْنِ ḵātamayni	الْخَاتَمَيْنِ al-ḵātamayni	خَاتَمَيْ ḵātamay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَوَاتِم ḵawātim	الْخَوَاتِم al-ḵawātim	خَوَاتِم ḵawātim
Nominative	خَوَاتِمُ ḵawātimu	الْخَوَاتِمُ al-ḵawātimu	خَوَاتِمُ ḵawātimu
Accusative	خَوَاتِمَ ḵawātima	الْخَوَاتِمَ al-ḵawātima	خَوَاتِمَ ḵawātima
Genitive	خَوَاتِمَ ḵawātima	الْخَوَاتِمِ al-ḵawātimi	خَوَاتِمِ ḵawātimi

Descendants

• Maltese: ħatem
• Moroccan Arabic: خاتم (ḵātim)

References

• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 252
• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis‎^[1] (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 17
• Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 120–121
• Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, pages 267–268
• Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎^[2] (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 112

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَاتَم (ḵātam, “signet, seal ring”).

Noun

خاتم • (hatem) (plural خواتم (hevatim))

1. ring, a round piece of precious metal worn around a finger

   Synonyms: حلقه (halka), یوزوك (yüzük)

2. signet, a ring used to impress a design into the sealing wax
3. seal, a stamp used to impress a design on a soft substance

   Synonym: مهر (mühür)

4. the impression of such stamp on a material used for sealing
5. inlaid mosaic of ivory, ebony, metals or other materials

Derived terms

• خاتم الملك (hatemü'l mülk, “sovereign's seal”)
• خاتم الوحی (hatemü'l-vahy, “the seal of revelation”)
• خاتمی (hatemi, “seal-engraver”)

 

Related terms

• مختوم (mahtum, “sealed”)

Descendants

• Turkish: hatem

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hatem2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1897
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “hâtem”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[3] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 404
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خاتم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[4], Constantinople: Mihran, page 525
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Annulus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[5], Vienna, column 65
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خاتم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[6], Vienna, column 1829
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hatem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خاتم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[7], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 818

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَاتَم (ḵātam).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xɑː.ˈtam]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xɑː.t̪ʰǽm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xɑː.t̪ʰǽm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xɑː.t̪ʰǽm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xɔː.t̪ʰǽm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xɒː.t̪ʰǽm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χɔ.t̪ʰǽm]

Readings
Classical reading?	xātam
Dari reading?	xātam
Iranian reading?	xâtam
Tajik reading?	xotam

Noun

خاتَم • (xâtam)

1. a drawing
2. ornamented decoration, patterned or inlaid motifs

   Synonym: نَقش (naqš)

3. (archaic) a seal, a signet

   Synonym: مُهر (mohr)

4. (archaic) a ring

   Synonym: اَنگُشتَر (angoštar)

5. (archaic) a command, an edict

   Synonym: فَرمان (farmân)

Proper noun

خاتم • (xâtam)

1. a male given name, Khatam or Khaatam, from Arabic

Derived terms

• حَرفِ خاتَم (harf-e-xâtam, “ornated caligraphy”)
• خاتَم کَردَن (xâtam kardan, “to inlay”)

 

References

• Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “خاتم”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press