化樂天

Chinese

		to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform	music; happy; laugh music; happy; laugh; cheerful	day; sky; heaven
trad. (化樂天)		化	樂	天
simp. (化乐天)		化	乐	天

Etymology

Calque of Sanskrit निर्माणरति (nirmāṇarati) + Chinese 天 (tiān, “heaven”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Huàlètiān

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄌㄜˋ ㄊㄧㄢ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Huàlètiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄌㄜˋ ㄊㄧㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Huàlètian
    • Wade–Giles: Hua⁴-lê⁴-tʻien¹
    • Yale: Hwà-lè-tyān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Huahlehtian
    • Palladius: Хуалэтянь (Xualɛtjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: xwaeH ngaewH|ngaewk|lak then

Rime
Character	化	樂	樂	樂	天
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)	來 (37)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)	肴 (90)	覺 (10)	鐸 (103)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II	II	I	IV
Fanqie	呼霸切	五敎切	五角切	盧各切	他前切
Baxter	xwaeH	ngaewH	ngaewk	lak	then
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠuaH/	/ŋˠauH/	/ŋˠʌk̚/	/lɑk̚/	/tʰen/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷᵚaH/	/ŋᵚauH/	/ŋᵚɔk̚/	/lɑk̚/	/tʰen/
Shao Rongfen	/xuaH/	/ŋauH/	/ŋɔk̚/	/lɑk̚/	/tʰɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwaɨH/	/ŋaɨwH/	/ŋaɨwk̚/	/lak̚/	/tʰɛn/
Li Rong	/xuaH/	/ŋauH/	/ŋɔk̚/	/lɑk̚/	/tʰen/
Wang Li	/xwaH/	/ŋauH/	/ŋɔk̚/	/lɑk̚/	/tʰien/
Bernard Karlgren	/xwaH/	/ŋauH/	/ŋɔk̚/	/lɑk̚/	/tʰien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huà	yào	yuè	luò	tiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faa3	ngaau6	ngok6	lok6	tin1

Proper noun

化樂天

1. (Buddhism) Nirmāṇarati (fifth of the six heavens in the Realm of Desire).

   Synonyms: 尼摩羅天／尼摩罗天, 須涅蜜陀天／须涅蜜陀天, 化天, 化自在天

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (化樂天):

• → Japanese: 化(け)楽(らく)天(てん) (kerakuten)
• → Korean: 화락천(化樂天) (hwarakcheon)

Further reading

• Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “化樂天” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].