燻べる

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
燻
Hyōgaiji

From Old Japanese 燻ぶ, in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ふすべ​る [fùsúbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])
• IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝbe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

燻(ふす)べる • (fusuberu) transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 燻(ふす)べ (fusube), past 燻(ふす)べた (fusubeta))

1. to burn so as to produce much smoke
2. to make something black with smoke
3. to drive out (pests) with smoke; to fumigate
4. (figuratively) to pout, sulk

Conjugation

Conjugation of "燻べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	燻べ	ふすべ	fusube
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	燻べ	ふすべ	fusube
Shūshikei ("terminal")	燻べる	ふすべる	fusuberu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	燻べる	ふすべる	fusuberu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	燻べれ	ふすべれ	fusubere
Meireikei ("imperative")	燻べよ¹ 燻べろ²	ふすべよ¹ ふすべろ²	fusubeyo¹ fusubero²
Key constructions
Passive	燻べられる	ふすべられる	fusuberareru
Causative	燻べさせる 燻べさす	ふすべさせる ふすべさす	fusubesaseru fusubesasu
Potential	燻べられる 燻べれる³	ふすべられる ふすべれる³	fusuberareru fusubereru³
Volitional	燻べよう	ふすべよう	fusubeyō
Negative	燻べない 燻べぬ 燻べん	ふすべない ふすべぬ ふすべん	fusubenai fusubenu fusuben
Negative continuative	燻べず	ふすべず	fusubezu
Formal	燻べます	ふすべます	fusubemasu
Perfective	燻べた	ふすべた	fusubeta
Conjunctive	燻べて	ふすべて	fusubete
Hypothetical conditional	燻べれば	ふすべれば	fusubereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Related terms

• 燻す
• 燻る

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
燻
Hyōgaiji

From Old Japanese 燻ぶ, in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) くすべ​る [kùsúbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])
• (Tokyo) くすべる [kùsúbérú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝbe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

燻(くす)べる • (kusuberu) transitive ichidan (stem 燻(くす)べ (kusube), past 燻(くす)べた (kusubeta))

1. to burn something so as to produce much smoke
2. to torment, bully

Conjugation

Conjugation of "燻べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	燻べ	くすべ	kusube
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	燻べ	くすべ	kusube
Shūshikei ("terminal")	燻べる	くすべる	kusuberu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	燻べる	くすべる	kusuberu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	燻べれ	くすべれ	kusubere
Meireikei ("imperative")	燻べよ¹ 燻べろ²	くすべよ¹ くすべろ²	kusubeyo¹ kusubero²
Key constructions
Passive	燻べられる	くすべられる	kusuberareru
Causative	燻べさせる 燻べさす	くすべさせる くすべさす	kusubesaseru kusubesasu
Potential	燻べられる 燻べれる³	くすべられる くすべれる³	kusuberareru kusubereru³
Volitional	燻べよう	くすべよう	kusubeyō
Negative	燻べない 燻べぬ 燻べん	くすべない くすべぬ くすべん	kusubenai kusubenu kusuben
Negative continuative	燻べず	くすべず	kusubezu
Formal	燻べます	くすべます	kusubemasu
Perfective	燻べた	くすべた	kusubeta
Conjunctive	燻べて	くすべて	kusubete
Hypothetical conditional	燻べれば	くすべれば	kusubereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

• 燻す