Appendix:Proto-Totozoquean reconstructions

Proto-Totozoquean reconstructions:

Brown et al. (2011)

Abbreviations

• OM = Oaxacan Mixe
• GZ = Gulf Zoque
• PM = Proto-Mixe
• PZ = Proto-Zoque
• PMZ = Proto-Mixe-Zoquean
• PTn = Proto-Totonacan
• PTz = Proto-Totozoquean

No.	Gloss (Proto-Totozoquean)	Proto-Totozoquean	Proto-Totonacan	Proto-Mixe-Zoquean	Proto-Mixe	Proto-Zoque	Notes
1		*akə	*aqa- ‘ear, the part of something that sticks out’ [meronymic prefix]	*ʔak(ə) ‘bark, skin’			POM *taː¢k ʔak ‘exterior part of ear’.
2		*čA	*čáːˈ{muːn} ‘tumpline’ (derived from *čaˈx ‘rope’ + *muːn ‘forehead’)	*¢a{y} ‘fiber rope’
3	fly (n.)	*čAːč	*čáːˈk{aɬ} ‘type of fly’	*¢aː¢{i}	*¢a¢i ‘flyN’		PM *¢aː¢i is expected.
4	ripen	*čaːm	*čaː ‘ripen’	*¢aːmʔ ‘ripen’
5	hail; stone	*čahʔ	*ča{xíːt} ‘hail’	*¢aːʔ ‘stone’
6	tie	*čEː	*čiːˈ ‘tie, tie up’	*¢e{n}		PGZ *¢en ‘tie’
7	wash	*čEq ~ *čAq	*čaˈq{áːˈ} ‘wash’	*¢eʔ		*¢eʔ ‘wash’
8	wring out, grind	*čEʔt	*čiˈt- ‘wring out, grind’	*¢eʔt	POM *¢eʔt ~ *¢eʔet ‘squash, crush’
9		*čiːn	*číːn{aˈ} ‘pus’	*¢iːn{u} ‘honey’
10	tear, break	*čih	*či{qí} ‘tear, break’	*¢ih		*¢ih ‘break’
11	spit	*čuh	*čuh- ‘spit’	*¢uh ‘spit’			PTn *ču- is expected.
12	move	*čuku	*{(aˈq)}cuqú ‘move around; take a walk’ (aˈq- ‘head’)	*¢uku{t}	*¢ukut ‘move (arm, leg)’		Sayula Popoluca ¢ugut ‘move’.
13	grab, grasp	*čƏ ~ *čƗ	*čiˈ{pá} ~ *čaˈ{pá} ‘grab, grasp’	*¢ə{k}		*¢ək ‘grasp’
14	yes	*hɨːq	*hiːqi ‘yes’	*həːʔ ‘yes’
15	acrid of rotten smell	*Hakʸ	*Hak ‘acrid or rotten smell’	*hak		*hak(a) ‘bad smelling’
16	grind (corn)	*Haʔ	*Ha{láˈ} ‘grind (corn)’	*haʔ{p}		*haʔp ‘grind’	Texistepec Popoluca haːʔp ‘grind on a metate’.
17	embers; coal	*Haʔl ~ *Huʔl	*Hal{áˈn} ‘embers’	*huʔy{i} ‘coal’
18	fire; to smoke	*Hikʸʔ ~ *Hukʸʔ	*Hik- ‘fire’	*hukʔ ‘to smoke’
19	drown	*Hiʔkʸs	*Hiks{wáˈ} ‘drown’	*hiʔkš	*hiʔks ‘drown’
20	place of	*kʸAːh	*kaːˈ- ‘place of ’	*kah + *pən, literally, ‘place’ + ‘people’ [locative prefix]	POM *kahpVn ‘village, town’
21	sour, bitter	*kʸa	*ka{x} ‘sour, bitter’	*ka{¢u(¢)} ‘sour, bitter’
22	left	*kʸIːʔ	*-kiːˈ ‘lift’	*kiʔ{m}		*kiʔm ‘ascend’
23	nose	*kʸin	*kin- ‘nose’	*kin{ə}		*kinə ‘nose, point, peak’
24	corn (kernels)	*kʸIs (cf. *kʸusi·)	*kíˈs{paˈ} ‘corn (kernels)’	*{ʔə}ks{-i} ‘corn nibs [kernels] (dry)’			The PMZ form could occur in either of two cognate sets, meaning that only one of the two sets is valid.
25	fixed, prepared	*kʸəːš	*ka ːš ‘fixed, prepared’	*kəːs	kəš ‘to finish’		PM *kəːhš is expected.
26	savory, delicious	*kʸən	*kan- ‘savory, delicious’	*kən		PGZ *kəːn ‘savory’	Long vowel is a secondary development in GZ languages.
27	tree, wood, firewood	*kʸƗCI	*kíˈwiˈ ‘tree, wood, firewood, stick’	*kəpi ‘tree, firewood’			C in the PTz reconstruction stands for some bilabial segment.
28	grind	*kʸIhʔt	*kit{í} ‘grind on metate’	*kəːʔt ‘grind pinole’
29	corn kernels, nibs (dry)	*kʸušI (cf. *kʸi·s)	*kúšiˈ ‘corn (maize), corn kernels’	*{ʔə}ks-i ‘corn nibs (dry)’			The PMZ form could occur in either of two cognate sets, meaning that only one of the two sets is valid.
30	amaranth, edible greens	*kʸwAhkʸw	*káˈk{a} ‘amaranth, edible greens’	*waːw	waːw ‘edible piper’
31	mouth	*kʸwehʔɬ	*kiɬ- ‘mouth’	*weːʔy	POM *weːʔy ‘to lick’
32		*kʸwiː	*kiː- ‘go and return’	*wi{tuʔ} [verbal prefix]		*wituʔ ‘to return’
33		*kAː	*qáːˈ{tiː} ‘plant with hollow stem’	*ka{pe} ‘type of bamboo’
34	tongue	*kAːt	*{siːˈmaˈ}qáːˈt ‘tongue’	*kaːt		*kat ‘lick’
35	bite, chew	*kA	*{¢aˈ}qáˈ ‘bite; chew’	*ka{y}	*kay ‘eat tortillas’
36	lime (calcium hydroxide)	*kaš	*qáš{tah} ‘lime (calcium hydroxide)’	*ʔakaš	*{ʔa}kaš ‘lime (calcium hydroxide)’
37	opened (bottle, pot), uncovered	*kEːh	*-qiːˈ ‘opened (bottle, pot), uncovered’	*keh	*keh ‘untie’
38		*keʔnkš ~ *kOʔnkš or *kUʔnkš	*quˈnqš- ‘braidV’	*keʔks	*keʔkš ‘braidV’
39	knee	*kos	*{¢u}qus- ‘knee’	*kos{o(k)} ‘knee’
40	drink, swallow	*kUʔt	*quˈt- ‘drink, swallow’	*kuʔt		*kuʔt ‘eat something soft’
41		*kƆš	*qaˈš{í} ‘strike with hand’	*kos ‘hit with fist’
42		*loːʔk	*lúːq{uˈ} ~ *lúːˈq{uˈ} ‘throat, swallowV, egret or heron (long-necked bird)’	*yoʔk{(-tu)} ‘neck’			PMZ *yoːʔk(-tu) would be expected given the PTz form; North Highland Mixe yoʔkt ‘neck, throat, scruff of the neck’.
43		*lƏʔ	*{š}laˈ ‘he, she, it’ (= *išə- ‘3po’ + *laˈ [pronominal stem])	*yəʔ ‘(demonstrative pronoun) this’			San José Paraíso yəʔə ‘he, she, it, him, her–specific’.
44	to shake, vibrate	*lɨʔkʸ	*lik{š}- ‘to shake, vibrate’	*yəʔk		*yəʔk ‘shake’
45		*nʸema	*lamá ‘flameV, burn’	*nema		*nema ‘flame’
46		*nʸUʔš	*lúˈš{uˈ} ‘cloth, clothes’	*nuʔs ‘to cover’			PZ *nuʔs-kuy ‘blanket, jacket, sarape’.
47		*ɬkʸəːʔ	*ɬkaː ‘measureV’	*kəʔ ‘hand, arm’			Texistepec Popoluca kəʔ ‘...hand (measure of five)’.
48	braid (v.)	*ɬkuʔt	*ɬqut- ‘braidV’	*kuʔt	POM *kuʔt ~ *kuʔut ‘braidV’
49		*ɬtƆl	*ɬtaˈl{á} ‘red hot, burning’	*toy ‘to burn, to hurt’
50		*ƛahʔnkʸ ~ *ƛehʔnkʸ	*ƛank- ‘big, more’	*yeːʔk ‘to grow’
51		*ƛɔx	*ƛax ‘earn, win’	*yoh ‘owe, pay’			PTn *ƛa is expected.
52		*mAːhʔ	*maːˈ ‘be lying down’	*maːhʔ ‘sleepV’
53	buy; sell	*maːʔ	*{ta}maː{wá} ‘buy’	*maʔ{ay} ‘sell’
54	old, ancient	*mah	*ma{qáːn} ‘old, ancient’	*mah	*mah-Vt ‘old (living being)’		POM *mah haʔy ‘old (man, animal)’.
55	hear	*mat	*{qaš}mát- ‘hear’	*mat{ow} ‘hear’
56	salt	*ma¢	*ma¢{át} ‘salt’	*{taː}ma¢	*taːma¢ ‘salty’
57	come	*min	*min ‘come’	*min ‘come’
58	to know	*mis ~ *mus	*mis{páː} ‘to know’	*mus		*mus ‘know’
59	make wet; to soak	*mUh (cf. *mu·ʔ)	*muˈ{núː} ‘make wet’	*muh ‘to soak’
60	spring (water)	*mUʔ (cf. *mu·h)	*múˈ{sniˈ} ‘spring (water)’	*muʔ{t} ‘spring (water)’
61		*məhʔkʸ	*mak{a-} ‘hand’	*məːʔk{s} ‘wring out’			PM *məːʔkš-i(k) ‘fist’, and Texistepec Popoluca bəʔks ‘squeeze (with the hand)’.
62	bamboo	*mƏƛ	*maˈƛ- ‘bamboo’	*məy	*məhy ‘long grass’
63	sweet potato	*mƏn	*maˈn{táh} ‘sweet potato’	*mən{(i)} ‘sweet potato’
64	(covered in) dew	*mənkʔ ~ *monkʔ or *munkʔ	*munq{áː} ‘covered in dew’	*məkʔ ‘dew’
65	much, many	*mwA	*{lú}waˈ ‘much, many’	*ma{y} ‘much’
66	tamale	*mwƏː	*waːˈ{t} ‘tamale’	*mə{ʔk}	*məʔk-i ‘tamale’
67	you SG	*mwiš	*wiš ‘you SG’	*mis	POM *miš ‘(pronoun) you (masculine vocative), boy (vocative)’
68	beat	*nak	*naq- ~ *nik- ‘beat, hit’	*nak{s} ‘to whip, beat’
69	negation	*niː	*niː ‘negation’	*ni ti ‘(particle) nothing’			PM *ni ‘(particle) negation’.
70	aunt	*nkʸwapah	*nápa ‘aunt’	*wapah		*ʔapah ‘mother’	PMZ stem-initial *w was dropped to dissimilate from -p- in the PZ reflex. In Wichmann (1995), there are no PZ forms that reconstruct *wVp. However, such forms do reconstruct for Mixean proto-languages, such as the following from Wichmann (1995)ː PM *wip, *wips, *wop, and POM *wəːʔps.
71	squash	*nkʸwip	*níp{šiˈ} ‘squash’	*wip	POM *wip ‘chayote vine’		Chayote is a squash-like fruit.
72	water	*nəhnq	*nanq ‘having to do with water’	*nəːʔ ‘water’
73	jug	*oːʔl	*{uy}úːl ‘jug’	*{ʔ}oːʔy	POM *ʔoːʔy ‘jug’
74	boil (v.)	*ohʔp	*pupú ‘boilV’				Possibly from onomatopoeic PTn *up + *up + *up]; PM *ʔoːʔp ‘to foam’ [PMZ *{ʔ}oːʔp]. 362 international journal of american linguistics
75	Brown Jay	*paːk	*páːq{aˈ} ‘Brown Jay’	*paːk	POM *pak ‘dove’		POM *paːhk is expected.
76		*pak	*paq{a-} ‘arm, wing, branch’	*pak ‘bone’
77	break (tr.)	*pAk	*paˈq- ‘breakTR’	*pak		*pak ‘to hit, to knock down’	PZ *pak is from Kaufman (2007).
78		*pikʸš	*pikš- ‘itchV’	*piks ‘to tap, pick at’
79		*pIn	*piˈn- ‘red’; *piˈn ‘chili pepper’	*{nəʔ}pin ‘blood’			Probably derived from PMZ *nəʔ ‘water’ + *pin ‘red’.
80		*pInkʸw	*piˈnk{s}- ‘pinch’	*piw ‘to pick up’			Coatlán piːw ~ piw ‘pick up (with fingers, e.g., corn kernels)’.
81	tremble, shake	*pip ~ *pup	*pip{í} ‘tremble, shake’	*pup		*pup ‘shake’
82	tuber	*pisiː	*pisíː{s} ‘Elephant Ears (plant with edible tuber)’	*pisi ‘Manihot spp.’			Apapantilla Totonac pisisi ‘cassava, yucca’ (Manihot spp.).
83	mud	*poːʔƛ	*puːƛ ‘mud’	*poːʔy{o}		*poʔyo ‘sand’	Some reflexes mean ‘fine dirt’.
84	gourd	*pok	*puq ‘gourd’	*pok{(ok)} ‘gourd’
85	bubble, bubbly, foamy	*ponkw	*punq{ú} ‘bubble, bubbly, foamy’	*pow		*poh ‘to steam’	The PZ form is a correction of PZ *pow, a typographical error in Wichmann (1995).
86		*pOtʸ	*puˈc{a} ‘tear, break, snap (something long and thin)’	*pot	*poht ‘tear something long and thin’		PM form is revised by Wichmann for this paper (cf. Wichmann 1995ː436).
87	drizzle (v.)	*puːš	*puːš{úː} ‘drizzleV’	*puːs	POM *puːšypy ‘vapor’		Some reflexes mean ‘steam after a rain’.
88	rot (v.)	*puːčʔ	*puːč{íːˈ} ‘rotV’	*puː¢ʔ ‘rot’
89		*pUq	*puˈq{uˈ} ‘belly, stomach’	*puʔ{pu} ‘intestines’			Oluta Popoluca puʔpu ‘belly’.
90	dust	*pUqš	*puˈqš{(niˈ)} ‘dust’	*puʔs{u(m)}	*puʔš{u(m)} ‘dust’
91	twenty	*pUš	*puˈš{ám} ‘twenty’	*{ʔiːʔ}ps ‘twenty’
92	pick (fruit), tear off	*pUš	*puˈš ‘pick (fruit), tear off ’	*pus	*puhš ‘cut with a machete’		PM form is revised by Wichmann for this paper (cf. Wichmann 1995ː429).
93		*pUʔkʸ	*púˈk- ‘smell rotten, stink’	*puʔk{s} ‘to gain color, to ripen’			Ayapa Zoque puʔks ‘rot’.
94	moon, month	*pɔ	*papáˈ ‘moon, month’	*po{yʔa} ‘moon, month’
95	white	*pɔhpʔɔʔ	*{sna}pápa ‘white’ (= *s- ‘diminutive’ + *napápa ‘white’)	*poːpʔoʔ ‘white’
96	soft	*pɔn ~ *pɔm	*pam- ‘soft’	*pon{on}		*ponon ‘soft’
97	be born; sprout (v.)	*pɔq	*paq ‘be born; sproutV, flowerV’	*poʔ		*poʔ ‘sproutV, be born’
98	pinole	*pɔʔt	*{sqa}pat ‘corn ground into a powder and eaten with sugar (pinole)’	*poʔt{e}		*poʔte ‘flour, corn ground into a fine powder and eaten with sugar (pinole)’
99	person; man	*pən	*{laː}pán ‘person’	*pən ‘man’
100	burst, explode	*pənkw	*panq- ‘burst, explode’	*pəw		*pəh ‘to burst’
101		*pəš	*paš- ‘batheINTR’	*pəs{-V(k)} ‘sweat’		*pəs ‘sweat’	Northern Chiapas Zoque pəs ‘sweat, put water on it’.
102	knead	*qOhʔt	*quˈt{á} ‘knead’	*yoːʔt ‘knead’			Possibly PTz *q > PMZ *y/#_ (no counter-evidence yet observed).
103	white	*sAhka	*saˈqá{qa} ‘white’	*saːka ‘white’			PMZ form reconstructed by Wichmann for this paper. The reconstruction is based on To winšaːhk ‘whitened pupil of the eye due to some injury’ (wiːhn ‘eye’), and Cp pokasaka ‘egg white’ (poka ‘egg’).
104	chicozapote (Manilkara zapota)	*sEːʔkn	*síːˈqn{aˈ} ‘chicozapote (?)’ (§ later ‘banana, plantain’)	*seʔn{ke} ~ *seʔn{ki} ‘chicozapote (Manilkara zapota)’			Reconstruction by Wichmann for this paper. This reconstruction is based on Sayula Popoluca šeʔnk ‘chicozapote’, Guichicovi šeʔenky ‘chicozapote’, and Coatlán šeʔñ ‘chicozapote’. PMZ *seːʔnke ~ *seːʔnki is expected as a reflex of the PTz form.
105	having the odor of fish or metal	*skʸwoʔnkʸw	*skúnk{aˈ} ‘having the odor of fish or metal’	*woʔw		PGZ *woʔh ‘fish’
106	rabbit	*skʸɔ	*ska{w} ‘rabbit’	*ko{ya} ‘rabbit’			Huastec (Mayan) koy ‘rabbit’, a probable loan from an MZ language.
107	to suck	*skoʔl	*squlíˈ ‘suck; use mouth to make something whistle’	*koʔy	*koʔy ‘to suck (inside the mouth)’
108	plum	*skɔya	*sqatá{n} ‘plum’	*koya		*koya ‘tomato’
109	roll	*spIt	*spiˈt- ‘roll, spin; return’	*pit ‘roll up’			PM *wimpit ‘return’.
110	drip (v.)	*stAʔ	*staˈ{x-} ‘dripV, get wet’	*taʔ{ks}	*taʔkš ‘to drip’
111	sell	*stƆːʔkʸ	*staːˈ ‘sell’	*toːʔk	*toːʔk ‘to sell’
112	to perforate	*sU	*súˈ{kuˈ} ‘perforated’	*su{t} ‘to perforate’
113	blow	*sUːhʔ	*suːˈ{nú} ‘blow, blow on’	*suːhʔ ‘blow’
114	tie together	*swƗhʔt	*swiˈt- ‘tie together, tangle, wrap’	*wəːʔt	*wəːʔt ‘to tie together (poles, cane)’
115		*šiː	*šiː{ɬ} ‘mange, scabies’	*si{k}	*niː-šihk ‘mangey, having scabies’		PM form is revised by Wichmann for this paper (cf. Wichmann 1995ː440).
116	hog plum	*šiːpa	*šíːpa ‘Hog Plum’	*saːpa{ne}		*sapane ‘marmalade fruit (mamey)’
117	snot	*ši	*ši{l} ‘snot’	*si{t}		*sit ‘snot’
118	itch (v.)	*šIʔ	*šiˈ{n} ‘itchV’	*siːʔ{p}	*šiʔp ~ *šiːp ‘cause an itch’
119	tick	*škʸAp	*škáˈp{aˈ} ‘tick’	*kap{i}	*kapi(C) ‘scorpion’		Both creatures are arachnids.
120	coatimundi	*škʸuʔy	*škút{iˈ} ‘coatimundi’	*kuʔy	POM *kuʔuy ‘large, red squirrel’		Coatimundis and squirrels have a superficial resemblance, including long, furry, looping tails.
121	louse	*skʸwaːt	*skáːt{aˈ} ‘louse’	*{ʔa}wat ‘louse’
122	bite, hurt	*škʸwa	*ška ‘bite; hurt’	*wa{s}		*was ‘chew’	Chimalapa Zoque was ‘chew, bite’ and Ayapa Zoque was ‘bite, to hurt’.
123		*škaː	*sqaː ‘harvest corn, shuck corn’	*ka{ma} ‘cornfield’
124		*škEhkʔ	*sqiˈq{íˈn} ‘type of bird’	*keːkʔ ‘to fly’			PM *keːk-an ‘wing’.
125		*škuk	*squq ‘row (of plants), furrow’	*kuk ‘middle’			North Highland Mixe kuhk ‘vertical, straight’.
126	dew, dewdrops	*šləm	*šlám{uˈ} ‘dew, dewdrops’	*yəm{əm}	*yəməm ‘to drizzle’
127	wilt, dry out (plant, flower)	*šnihʔk	*šniq- ‘wilt, dry out (plant, flower)’	*niːʔks	*niːʔk{š} ‘to fade, dry (flower)’
128	snail, slug	*šokI	*šúqiˈ ‘snail, šlug’	*soki		*soki ‘šnail’
129		*štAhkʔ ~ *štIhkʔ	*štaˈq- ~ *štiˈq- ‘woven šleeping mat’	*taːkʔ ‘to weave’
130	bean	*štapu	*štápu ‘bean’	*tapu		*tapu ‘wart’
131		*štuq-	*štuq- ‘gather togetherINTR, meet’	*tuʔ{m}		*tuʔm ‘to gather’
132	dam (water), dišturb	*štɔʔp	*štap{ú} ‘dam (water), dišturb’	*toʔp		PGZ *toʔp ‘to hamper’	Central Chiapas Zoque toʔp¢əʔy ‘to become obstructed or blocked’.
133	bitter	*šUːn	*šúːˈn ‘bitter’	*suːn	POM *šuhn ~ šun ‘to become sour’		POM *šuːhn is expected.
134	metate; to grind	*šwAː	*šwáːˈ{tiˈ} ‘metate’	*wa{y} ‘to grind’			Texistepec Popoluca way ‘grind (with metate)’.
135	open, having a cavity	*šwəʔnk	*šwanq- ‘open, having a cavity’	*wəʔk	POM *ʔa-wəʔk ~ *ʔa-wəʔək ‘to open the mouth’	*ʔah-wak ‘to open’
136	give	*šyak	*štaq ‘leave something, give’	*yak ‘give’
137		*taɬ	*táɬ{u} ‘rash, skin disease’	*tay ‘to scar’
138	tear, split, rip	*tEːt	*tiːˈt- ‘tear, split, rip’	*teːt		*tet ‘to split, tear’
139	what?	*tiː	*tiː ‘what?, who?’	*ti ‘what?’
140	touch, feel, strike	*tik ~ *tuk or *tok	*tuq- ‘touch, feel, strike’	*ti{kin}		*tikin ‘to touch’
141	excrement	*tin	*{(ʔiɬ)}tín ‘excrement’; *{tan}tín ‘defecate’ (*tan- ‘anus’ + *tin ‘excrement’)	*tin ‘excrement’
142	old woman	*tOqO	*túˈquˈ ‘old woman’	*toʔo	POM *toʔošy-təhk ‘woman’
143	spread (tr.)	*tOʔnk ~ *tOʔnkʸ	*tuˈnq- ‘spreadTR, stretchTR, extendTR’	*toʔk ‘to spread out on the ground’
144		*tUkʸ	*tuˈk ‘snap off, break off ’	*tuk ‘pick fruit’
145	one	*tum	*tum ‘one’	*tum ‘one’
146	tooth	*təh¢	*ta¢{a-} ‘tooth’	*təː¢ ‘tooth’
147	younger sibling	*tənkʸw	*stánk{uˈ} ‘younger sibling’ (= *s- ‘diminutive’ + *tánkuˈ)	*təw{ə}		*təwə ‘brother’
148	straight	*tƏnkʸw	*taˈnk{s} ‘straight, correct’	*təw ‘be upright, straight’			POM *təwy ‘true’.
149	to dry	*tIː¢ʔ	*tiː ‘dry up’	*təː¢ʔ ‘to dry out, become thin’
150	rock (tr.)	*tIhʔ	*ti{wí} ‘rockTR, swingTR’	*təːʔ{y}	*təːʔy ‘to rock’		Sayula Popoluca təʔy ‘swing’.
151	seed; fruit	*tƗm ~ *tƗn	*tiˈn ‘seed’	*təm ‘fruit’
152		*tIp	*tip- ‘shoot arrow’	*təp ‘stab, shoot with arrow’
153		*tʸEhʔn	*čiˈn{táˈ} ‘kick’	*teːʔn ‘to step on, to tread on, to trample, stand up’
154	speak	*tʸih	*či{wíː} ‘speak’	*tih	POM *tih ‘say’
155	vulture	*tʸUːʔn	*čuːˈn ‘vulture’	*tuːʔn{uk}		*tuʔnuk ‘turkey’	The superficial resemblance between vultures and wild turkeys is the likely basis for the common English name for Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture.
156		*tʸuk	*-cuq{ú} ‘stopped’	*{ʔaw-}tuk ‘to close’			Jaltepec ʔadúk ‘to stop’.
157	house	*tʸək (cf. *tʸIkʸ)	*čaq{aː-} ‘house’	*tək ‘house’			The PMZ form could occur in either of two cognate sets, meaning that only one of the two sets is valid if this is not otherwise explained by the alternation of k and q found in some Tn languages.
158	cut (tr.)	*tʸəʔkš	*čaqš- ‘cut off, cut down, snap off ’	*təʔks		*təʔks ‘to break or cut’	Northeastern Chiapas Zoque təʔks ‘cut with a machete, chop into chunks’.
159	house	*tʸɨkʸ (cf. *tʸək)	*čik ‘house, home’	*tək ‘house’
160	amaranth, edible green	*¢amwA	*¢áwaˈ ‘amaranth’	*¢ama{m} ‘a kind of edible green’			North Highland Mixe ¢ámən ‘quintonil (Amaranthus hypocondricus)’
161	black	*¢I	*¢iˈ ‘black’	*¢i{s}	POM *¢iš-y ‘dark’		POM *¢ihš ~ ¢iš ‘to become sooted’; Coatlán ¢išy ‘color black’; San José Paraíso ¢ihš ~ ¢iš ‘to blacken’.
162		*¢I	*¢íˈ¢iˈ ‘infection, sore, canker’	*¢í{pin} ‘wart’			Perhaps, originally, literally ‘pimple red’ (see PTz *piˈn).
163	suckle	*¢Iʔč	*¢iˈk{íːˈ} ‘suckle’	*¢iʔ¢	*¢iʔ¢ ‘suckle’
164	begin	*¢oʔč	*¢uk{ú} ‘begin’	*¢oʔ¢		*¢oʔ¢ ‘begin’
165	rubber, elastic	*¢əkʸəː	*¢akáː{t} ‘rubber, elastic’	*¢əkə{k}	*¢əkək ‘Gumbolimbo (Bursera spp.)’		Upper Necaxa Totonac ¢akáːt ‘Gumtree’
166	mother	*¢Ɨː	*¢iːˈ ‘mother’	*¢ə	*¢əʔ ‘older sister, aunt’	*¢ə¢ə ‘older sister, aunt’
167	tight, closed, blocked	*¢Ɨːʔ	*-¢iːˈ ‘tight, closed, blocked’	*¢əʔ{ks}	*¢əʔkš ‘to become tight’
168	kiss	*¢Uːʔkʸ	*¢uːˈk- ‘kiss’	*¢uːʔk{s}	*¢uːʔkš ‘kiss’
169		*¢Uk	*¢uˈq- ‘write, draw, paint’	*¢uk{s} ‘to scratch, to sketch, to outline’
170		*¢Uʔ¢	*¢uˈ¢{úˈ} ‘suck’	*¢uʔ¢ ‘suckle, bite’
171	say	*wan	*wan ‘say’	*wan	POM *wanahn ~ *wanaʔan ‘to say’	*wan ‘to sing’
172	twist	*wiːʔt	*-wiːt ‘twisted, winding, curved’	*wiːʔt ‘to twist’
173		*wiʔk	*wiq ‘[repetitious noise]’	*wiʔk	*wiːk ~ *wiʔk ‘to whistle’
174		*wɔːʔk	*waːq ‘scratch, dig’	*woːʔk ‘to grasp a fistful of something’			Coatlán < wo.k ~ woːk § (vt) ‘dig’, Gu < woːk, wyo.ʔpʸ § ‘scratch, scratch (leaving a mark)’.
175		*wɔhʔš	*waš- ‘scratch’	*woːʔs ‘to scrape’
176	plane (v.)	*wəkʸ	*wak- ‘planeV’	*wək		*wək ‘to slice’
177	saw	*wƏt	*waˈt{áˈ} ‘saw’	*wət		*wət ‘break’	Sierra Popoluca wəːt ‘chop down’.
178	be high	*wƏʔkʸ	*waˈk{áˈ} ‘be high’	*wəʔk{s}		*wəʔks ‘to hook’	Northern Chiapas Zoque wəʔks ‘hook something, hang something’.
179	marmalade fruit	*xaːkʸ ~ *waːkʸ	*xáːk{aˈ} ‘Marmalade Fruit’	*{kaʔ}wak	*kaʔwak ‘Red Sapote’
180	into downward	*xoːh	*-xuː ‘into downward’	*hoh	*hoːht-pi ‘inside’	*hoh ‘contents’	PM *hoht-pi is expected.
181	hummingbird; bird	*xon	*xun ‘hummingbird’	*hon ‘bird’
182	deer	*x(əy)uːkʸ	*xúːk{iˈ} ‘deer’	*həyuk	POM *həyuk ‘beast of burden’		Juquila, Jaltepec həyúhk ‘animal, horse’.
183	smoke (v.)	*xɨn	*xin ‘smokeV’	*hən	*həhn ‘fire, cooking fire’
184	soft	*yA	*{¢aˈ}táˈtaˈ ‘soft’	*{ʔu}ya		*ʔuya ‘soft’
185	grow	*yahʔkʸ ~ *yehʔkʸ	*{s}tak- ‘grow’	*yeːʔk	*yeːʔk ‘grow’
186	cry, yell	*yAʔs	*taˈs{á} ‘cry, yell, vocalize’	*yaʔs	*yaʔš ~ *yaːš ‘cry, yell’
187		*yeɬ ~ *yeʔɬ	*tiɬ- ‘spread out (to dry)’	*ye(ʔ)y ‘to lay out (...beans), dry’
188	jab, prick, poke	*yoqo-	*tuqú ‘jab, prick, poke’	*yoʔo{¢}	POM *yoʔ¢ ~ *yoʔo¢ ‘to pierce’

Brown et al. (2014): comparisons with Chitimacha

Below are lexical comparisons with Chitimacha, along with proposed Proto-Chitimacha-Totozoquean reconstructions, by Brown, Wichmann & Beck (2014).

The Chitimacha data is from unpublished data by Morris Swadesh. Proto-Totozoquean, Proto-Totonacan, Proto-Mixe-Zoquean, and other Mixe-Zoquean lower-level reconstructions are reconstructions by Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown et al.

English gloss	Chitimacha	Proto-Chitimacha-Totozoquean	Proto-Totozoquean	Proto-Totonacan	Proto-Mixe-Zoquean	other Mixe-Zoquean
to grind	kihȼi- ‘to grind, mash something by beating’	*kʸɨhɁtʸ¹i	*kʸɨhɁti ‘to grind’	*(S)kití ‘to grind on metate’	*kǝːɁt ‘to grind pinole’
to tickle someone	čikine’ ‘to tickle someone’	*tʸikin ~ tʸikʸin	*tikin ~ *tikʸin ‘to touch, tickle’			PZ *tikin ‘to touch’ (Note: SaP tikin ‘tickle someone), PMZ [*tikin]
ants	ȼ’iːsȼ’ik’ahȼik’ut ‘ants’	*ȼiku't ~ *ȼikʸu't	*ȼiku't ~ *ȼikʸu't ‘ant(s)’		[*ȼukut < *ȼikut (vocalic assimilation)]	PZ *hahȼuku ‘ant’, POM *ȼukn ‘ant’, PM (Veracruz) *ȼukut(ik) ‘ant’,
leached corn	nowa ‘Indian hominy’	*ⁿko¹'waː²	*ka'waː < *ko'waː (vocalic assimilation) ‘nixtamal’	*qa'waː ‘nixtamal’
cane	piya ‘cane-reed’	*pɨː²ya' ~ *pɨː²'ya'	*pɨːya' ~ *pɨː'ya' ‘cane’		[*pǝːya] ‘wild cane’
to see, to look at	Ɂam- ‘to see something, to look at something’	*ɁaɁm ~ *Ɂa'Ɂm	*ɁaɁm ~ *Ɂa'Ɂm ‘to see, look at’		[*ɁaɁm ‘to look’]
to stick	Ɂuȼ+te- ‘to stick, adhere; to stick something on’	*Ɂoː²Ɂȼ ~ *Ɂoː² 'Ɂȼ	*ɁoːɁȼ ~ *Ɂoː'Ɂȼ ‘to stick’		ɁoːɁȼ ‘to stick’
mat	t’aːna ‘cane-reed mat’	*taː'hⁿkaɁ	*-ta'hkɁ ~ *-tIhkɁ ‘to weave (mat)’	*šta'qat- ~ *šti'qat- ‘woven sleeping mat’	*taːkɁ ‘to weave’
basket	kaːkt ‘double-weave basket of oblong shape’; kaːstp ‘plait in basketry’	*kaː¹Ɂk ~ *kaː¹Ɂkʸ ~ *kʸaː¹Ɂkʸ ~ *kʸaː¹Ɂk; *kaː¹ ~ *kʸaː¹	*kaɁk ~ *kaɁkʸ ~ *kʸaɁkʸ ~ *kʸaɁk ‘basket’; *kač ~ *kʸač ~ *ka¢ ~ *kʸa¢ ‘basket’		[*kaɁk ‘basket’]; [*ka¢ ‘basket’]
bone	kaȼi ‘bone’	*kʸu¹tʸ¹i	*kʸuti ‘bone’	*lukuti ‘bone’
fish	makš ‘fish’	*makš ~ *makʸš ~ *ma'kš ~ *ma'kʸš	*-akš ~ *-a'kš ~ *-akʸš ~ *-a'kʸš ‘fish’		*Ɂaksa ‘fish’
flower, to flower	šaːmu ‘flower’	*šaː¹'m¹a¹ ~ *šaː'hm¹a¹	*ša'na ~ *ša'hna ‘to flower’	*ša'ná ‘to flower’
to eat	k’uš+t ‘to eat something’	*kVː² 'Ɂš ~ *kʸVː² 'Ɂš	*kəәː'Ɂš ~ *kɨː'Ɂš ~ *kʸəәː'Ɂš ~ *kʸɨː'Ɂš ‘to eat, bite’		*kǝːɁs ‘to bite into something hard’
pretty, handsome	k’eːsi(k’i) ‘pretty, beautiful, handsome’	*kyV:¹'si ~ *kyV:'hsi	*kyV'si ~ **kyV'hsi ‘pretty, handsome’	PTp *k’usi ‘pretty, handsome’, [*ku'si] (no PMZ)
to break	puːk+te- ‘to break something up fine’; toh- ‘to break’	*pa¹ː'hk; *to¹-	*pa'hk ‘to break’; *to- ‘to break’	*pa'q(S)- ‘to break (tr.)’; *tukša ‘to break’		PZ *pak ‘to move horizontally against something’ PMZ [*paːk] (Note: ChisZ-N pahk ‘to pound something”.)
side	pay+e ‘side, on the side’	*paː²n	*paːn ‘side’	*paːn ‘belly, side’
red	pin- ‘red’; č’ak+i ‘cold’	*pi'n	*pi'n ‘red’; *šu'k ~ *šu'ky ‘to cool off, be cold’	*(S)pi'n- ‘red’	*nǝɁpin ‘blood’; *šʸu1'k ~ *šʸu1'ky COLD; [suk ‘to cool off’]
sour	č'am+i ‘sour’	*šʸu¹:²'m¹	*šuː'n ‘sour’	*šúː'n ‘bitter’	[*suːn]
you	was ‘you (pl.)’	*we¹'sy	*wi'š ‘you (sg.)’	*wi'š ‘you (sg.)’
under, part under	his- ‘under’	*xɨsy ~ *xɨ'sy	*xɨš ~ *xɨ'š ‘part under’		*hǝs… ‘back’
house	hana ‘house, home, room, dwelling’	*-ǝⁿkaː²	*tʸǝkaː (Note: revised from Tz *tʸǝk)	*čaqaː- ‘house’	*tǝk ‘house’
cornfield, maize stalks, stems	kaːmu ‘sprout; stem’	*kaː¹ma¹ ~ *kʸaː¹ma¹ ~ *kaː¹ma¹' ~ *kʸaː¹ma¹'	*kama ~ *kʸama ‘cornfield’		*kama ‘cornfield’
to cut, break	k’aːȼ+t ‘to cut around, trim something’; to cut something off by cutting around’	*kɔː'Ɂȼ ~ *kɔː'hɁȼ ~ *kyɔː'Ɂȼ ~ *kyɔː'hɁȼ	*kɔ'hɁȼ ~ *kɔː'Ɂȼ ~ *kʸɔ'hɁȼ ~ *kʸɔː'Ɂȼ ‘to break’		*koːɁȼ ‘to break’
to chew	č’ak’um+t ‘to chew’	*ča'ka¹'	*ȼa'ka' ‘to chew’	*ȼa'qá' ‘to chew’
to shell corn	kuːs+pa- ‘to shell (corn)’	*kʸuː¹sy	*kʸuš ‘to shell (corn)’	*kúši' ‘corn (maize), corn kernels’	*Ɂɨks ‘to shell (corn)’
squash	*čiška ‘pumpkin’	*čiɁ	*ȼiɁ- ‘squash’			PM ȼiɁwa ‘squash’ PMZ [*ȼiɁwa]
lime (calcium hydroxide)	kupšeš ‘lime’	*ka¹(p)š	*kaš ‘lime’	*qaštax ‘lime’(calcium hydroxide)’	*Ɂakas ‘lime’
to fold	k’eptki ‘fold’	*ke'p	*ka'p ‘to fold’	*qa'ps- ‘to fold’
oak	k’ahčin ‘oak tree’; čuhču ‘wooden basket of a certain type made of soft oak ~ cypress’	*kʸa'htʸ; šʸox	*kʸa'ht ‘oak’; *šox ‘oak’	*kuka't ‘oak’	*soho ‘oak’
maize	k’asma ‘corn’	*kʸe¹'s	*kʸi's ‘corn kernels’	*kí'spa' ‘corn (kernels)	*Ɂǝks-i ‘corn nibs [kernels] (dry)’
brain	katma ‘marrow; brain’	*kʸe¹t	*-kʸit ~ *-kʸit ‘brain’	*(a'k)skititi ‘brain’
meat	kipi ‘meat, flesh; body’	*kʸiCiː²	*kʸiniː ‘meat’	*kiníːt ‘meat’
louse	ȼat ‘louse’	*kʸwaː²t	*-kʸwaːt ‘louse’	*skáːta ‘louse’	*Ɂawat ‘louse’
bottom	makta ‘rear, stern, bottom’	*mɔː²kʸ ~ *mɔː² 'k ~ *mɔː² 'kʸ ~ *mɔː²k	*ɔːkʸ ~ *ɔː 'k ~ *ɔː 'kʸ ~ *ɔːk ‘bottom’		*Ɂoːk ‘bottom’
paper	naːkšt ‘paper; letter’	*nɔː¹k ~ nɔː¹kʸ ~ *nɔː¹'k ~ nɔː¹'kʸ	*nɔk ~ nɔkʸ ~ *nɔ'k ~ nɔ'kʸ ‘paper’		noki ‘paper’
wing	paːnt’in ‘wing’	*paː¹ⁿk	*pak ‘wing’	*paqa- ‘arm, wing, branch’	*pak ‘bone’
to pinch	paȼ+t- ‘to pinch someone’	*pe¹'(n)kʸw	*pi'nkʸw ‘to pinch’	*pi'nkš- ‘to pinch’	*piw ‘to pick up’
person	panš ‘person, relative, friend; mankind’	*pǝn	*pǝn ‘person’	*laːpana ~ laːpani ‘person’	*pǝn ‘man’
cloud	pok+ta ‘sky, cloud’	*po¹k ~ *po¹kʸ	*puk ~ *pukʸ ‘cloud’	*puqɬ(ni) ~ *pukɬ(ni) ‘cloud’
to swing	tahy+te- ‘to swing’	*tǝ¹hɁ-	*tɨhɁ ‘to rock, swing’	*(S)tiwí ‘to rock (tr.), swing (tr.)’	*tǝːɁy ‘to rock’
cheek	waːku ‘cheek’	*-aːkʸa¹	*-aːkʸa ‘cheek’	*laka- ‘face, planar surface’	*Ɂaːka ‘cheek, edge’
down, to bend down	kam+te ‘to bend down, to bend something down’	*kǝ¹Ɂm ~ *kʸǝ¹Ɂm	*kɨɁm ~ *kʸɨɁm- ‘down’		*kǝɁmǝ ‘down’
girl, woman	kiča ‘woman’	*kišʸa ~ *kʸišʸa	*kiša ~ *kʸiša ‘girl’		[*kisay ‘girl’]
to grow, grown	yaːk’i ‘grown, adult’	*yVːhɁkʸ(i)'	*yahɁkʸ ~ *yehɁkʸ ‘to grow’	*stak- ‘to grow’	*yeːɁk ‘to grow’
be lying, be in a horizontal position	pe(h) ‘auxiliary verb of horizontal position’	*peː²'	*paː' ‘to be lying’	*paː' ‘to be lying (second person)’
that	t’a ‘demonstrative’	*ta'	*ta' ‘that (distal)’	ta' ‘that (distal)’
to talk, say	č’aːm- ‘to talk (about…), converse’	*čaː'm	*ȼaː'm ‘to say’		[*ȼaːm ‘to say’]
outside, row, furrow, middle	nuk ‘outside, to the outside’	*ⁿkuk	*škuk ‘row, furrow, middle’	*šquq ‘row (of plants), furrow’	*kuk ‘middle’
to turn around, spin, roll	(kap)pič ‘to turn all the way around’ (Note: this is from Swanton (1919ː44) where it is presented as [(kap)pitc])	*pi'tʸ	*-pi't ‘to roll (up)’	*spi't- ‘to roll, spin; return’	*pit ‘to roll up’
to plunge in, shoot with arrow	tip+te- ‘to plunge in’	*tɨp	*tɨp ‘to shoot with arrow’	*tip- ‘to shoot arrow’	*tǝp ‘to stab, shoot with arrow’
plural, everything	nak ‘(postposition)… and everything else, everything including…’	*ntǝ¹k ~ *ntǝ¹ky ~ *ntəә¹'k ~ *ntəә¹'ky	*-tɨk ~ *-tɨky ~ *-tɨ'k ~ *-tɨ'ky ‘plural’		*-tǝk(ay) ‘(suffix) plural’
to bundle, wrap, bind	waːȼ+t- ‘to wrap, bundle something up (with, in something)’	*waː¹tʸ¹ ~ *waː¹ 'tʸ¹	*wat ~ *wa't ‘to bind together’		*wat ‘to bind together things that are placed on top of each other’
to say, tongue	wenɁ ‘tongue’ (Note: [wen] ‘the tongue, speech’ (Swanton 1919ː48)	*wen	*wan ‘to say’	*wan ‘say’	*wan ‘to say, to sing’
inside, indoors	huh- ‘going indoors’	*xoː²x	*xoːx ‘into, inside’	*-xuː ‘into downward’	*hoh ‘inside, contents’
to see, to seek	ʔiš+i- ‘to seek; to collect; to tease’	*ʔiš-	*ʔiš ‘to see’		*ʔiš ‘to see’
rain	kaya ‘rain’	*kʸaː²n	*-kʸaːn ‘rain, water’	škaːn ‘rain, water’
squirrel	kuːmit ‘squirrel’	*kʸuː¹Ɂ	*-kʸuɁy ‘large squirrel’	*škúti' ‘coatimundi’	*kuɁy ‘large, red squirrel’
to split	p’aːp+te- ‘to split … off’	*paː¹'p ~ *paː¹p	*pa'p- ~ *pap- ‘to split’		*paps ‘to split’
to become wet	t’eyk+te- ‘to get wet’	*te'Ɂ	*-ta'Ɂ ‘to get wet’	*(S)ta'x- ‘to drip, get wet’	*taɁks ‘to drip’
to cry	yeh+t- ‘to cry’	*ye'Ɂ	*ya'Ɂs ‘to cry, yell’	*ta'sá ‘to cry, yell, vocalize’	*yaɁs ‘to cry, yell’
to hew, to saw	wačuŋkš+t- ‘to adze, hew something’	*wəә'tʸa¹'	*wəә't ‘to saw, break’	*wa'tá' ‘to saw’		PZ *wǝt ‘to break’
to go and return, arrive	Ɂuy- ‘to arrive, reach’	*Ɂoy ~ *Ɂo'y	*Ɂoy ~ *Ɂo'y ‘to go (roundtrip)’		*Ɂoy ‘to go (and now have returned)’
sharp point, blade	sit’i(k’i) ‘sharp pointed; sharp (eyes)’	*si't(i)'	*sit- ‘to cut with blade’	*sit- ‘to cut with blade’
bug	č’iːš ‘bug; worm’	*čiː'š	*ȼiː'š ‘bug species’	*ȼiː'š ~ ȼiː's ‘cricket’	*ȼisi(k) ‘bedbug’
beat (in conflict)	nakš ‘war’	*nakš	*nakš ‘to beat’	*naq- ~ *nik- ‘to, beat, hit’	*naks ‘to whip, beat’
to cook by boiling	šuš+t ‘to boil, to boil something’	*šoː²š- ~ *šoː² 'š-	*šoːš ~ *šoː'š ‘to cook in water’		*soːs ‘to cook in water’
to sew	č’uš+i ‘to sew’	*ča¹'	*ȼa' ‘to sew’	*ȼa'pá' ‘to sew’
night, dark	č’ima ‘night’	*či'- ~ *či:'-	*ȼi's ~ *ȼiː's ‘dark, night’	*ȼiː's ‘dark, night'	*ȼis ‘dark’
knee	mokun ‘knee, lap’	*ko-	*kos ‘knee’; *¢uqus- ‘knee’		*koso(k) ‘knee’
coals	kups ‘coal, fire coals’	*ku	*-ku ‘to burn’	*šqu ‘fire, to burn’
head	kut ‘head; top end; stem (of a boat); bud; mind, sense’	*kʸo	*kʸo ‘head’	*kuk- ‘head (prefix)’	*ko-pak ‘head’, *ko- ~ koɁ- ‘head, reach’
moon, month	panɁ ‘moon, month’	*pɔ	*pɔ ‘moon, month’	*papá' ‘moon, month’	*poyɁa ‘moon, month’
sun	č’aɁa ‘sun’	*šʸəә'- ~ *šʸəә¹'-	*šəә'- ~ *šɨ'- ‘sun’		*sǝw ‘sun, feast, name’
younger sibling	tat’in ‘younger sibling; younger first cousin on the mother’s side’	*tǝ-	*-tǝnkʸw ‘younger male sibling’	*stánku' ‘younger sibling’	*tǝwǝ ‘brother’
earth, land	neyɁ ‘earth, ground, land, country’	*nti'-	*ti'- ‘land, earth’	*ti'ya't ‘land, earth’
heavy	naȼ’i(k’i) ‘heavy’	*ȼɨ'	*ȼɨ' ‘heavy’	ȼi'nk- ‘heavy’
to draw, to write	haːkš+te ‘to write to someone; to draw something’	*xaː- ~ *xaː'-	*xaː- ~ *xaː'- ‘to write’		*haːyɁ ‘to write’
good, well	huyi / huygi / huyyi / huyigi ‘good; well, proper, true, right’	*-oy ~ *-o'y	*oy ~ *o'y ‘good, well’		*ɁoyV ‘good, well’
stem, stalk	kaːpti ‘stem of plant’	*ka:¹p ~ *kʸaː¹p	*kap ~ *kʸap ‘plant with salient stem’		*kape ‘type of bamboo’ (Note: ChZ kape ‘thin reed’).
to be cold, shiver	k’aːs+te ‘to shiver’	*kyǝ:¹'s ~ *kyǝ:¹'hs	*kyǝ's ~ *kyǝ'hs ‘to be cold’	[*ka'sní ‘to be cold’]
non-proximal deictic	manki ‘there, yonder, in a place that is distant but familiar to speaker’	*ma'n-	*a'n- ‘medial deictic’	*a'n- ‘medial deictic’
herb, plant	muhȼ ‘button bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)’	*mu(h)ȼ ~ *mu'(h)ȼ	*uȼ ~ *u'ȼ ‘herb, plant’			POM Ɂuhȼ ‘herb, plant’, PMZ [Ɂuȼ]
to cut roughly	pokš+t- ‘to cut something irregularly’	*po¹ː²Ɂ-	*poːɁ- ‘to cut roughly’		*poːɁt ‘to cut with machete’
fruit	nanu ‘persimmon’	*ntəә¹'n	*tɨ'n ‘seed, fruit’	*ti'n ‘seed’	*tǝm ‘fruit’
spirit or animal guardian	nek+ma- ‘to league (with someone), especially with an animal guardian…’	*nti:²ky-	*tiːky- ‘spirit’	*tiːkúː' ‘proprietary spirit’
cane type	waːsimiš 'young cane-reed (under a year old)'	*wa:s- ~ *wa:sy-	*waːs- ~ waːš- ‘cane’			PM *wa:šuk ‘sugarcane’, PMZ [*wa:suk]
spread apart, parted	weːk+te- ‘to have the legs spread apart’	*weː¹Ɂk ~ *weː¹Ɂkʸ ~ *weː¹'Ɂk ~ *weː¹'Ɂkʸ	*waɁk ~ *waɁkʸ ~ *wa'Ɂk ~ *wa'Ɂkʸ ‘to be parted’		*waɁks ‘to be divided, parted’
reed	Ɂakt ‘kind of musical horn...consisting of a hollow reed..; whistle, flute; bow, arrow; barrel of gun’	*Ɂɔː²kʸ ~ *Ɂɔː² 'k ~ *Ɂɔː² 'kʸ ~ *Ɂɔː²k	*Ɂɔːkʸ ~ *Ɂɔː'k ~ *Ɂɔː'kʸ ~ *Ɂɔːk ‘reed’		Ɂoːkwin ‘reed’
to drip	č’up- ‘to drip, leak’	*ču'-	*ȼu'n ‘to drip’		*ȼun ‘to drip’
to be sick, die	niː+ki ‘to be sick	*ni:	*niː ‘to die’	*niː ‘to die’
general locative particle	nk ‘general relationship post-position’	*nVkʸ	*nVk ‘general locative proclitic’	*nak= ‘general locative proclitic’
to teach to, to say	neːm+aɁ ‘to teach something to someone’	*nVː¹'m ~ *nVː¹m	*nǝm ~ *nəә'm ‘to say’		*nǝm ‘to say’
demonstrative	we ‘referential demonstrative, the, that (mentioned before)’	*we	*wa ‘proximal demonstrative’	*wa ‘proximal demonstrative’
frog	weːk’iš ‘frog of a small, blue variety; lizard’	*wVː¹kV'	*weka' ‘frog’	*waq	[*weka] ‘frog, toad’
bird species	kunsno ‘bird of a canary-like species called gizzard bird’	*kun ~ *kʸun	*kun ~ *kʸun ‘Montezuma’s Oropendula’		*kunu ‘Montezuma’s Oropendula’
to blow	puhtibak / puht’ibak ‘blow gun’	*pox-	*pox ‘to blow (the wind)’		*poh ‘to blow (the wind)’
grandmother, grandparent’s sister	koɁ ‘parents’ ~ grandparents’ sister’	*ko¹ ~ *kʸo¹	*-ko ~ *-kʸo ‘grandmother’		*Ɂoko ‘grandmother’
twenty/hundred	puːp ‘hundred’	*puː¹'	*pu'š ‘twenty’	*pu'šám ‘twenty’	*ɁiːɁps ‘twenty’
having to do with nose (to smell, snot)	siʔ- / siʔi- ‘to have an odor’ (Note: šiš ‘nose’)	*syi	*ši ‘snot’	*šil ‘snot’	*sit ‘snot’
peel, skin, bark, to peel something	suɁu ‘skin, hide, shell, peel, bark’	*syuː² ~ *suː²	*suː and *šuː ‘to peel’	*suː and *šuː ‘to peel something (inner skin, outer layer)’
lizard, iguana	tekniš ‘lizard of a certain tailless variety of 4 ~ 5 inches in length’	*tVː²k ~ *tVː²kʸ	*toːk ~ *toːkʸ ~ *tɔːk ~ *tɔːkʸ ‘iguana’		*toːki ‘iguana’
to cut, tear, split, sever	ȼ’it- ‘to cut something, cut out, sever something; to cut something up’	*tʸ¹Vː²'t	*teː't ‘to split, tear’	*(S)tiː't- ‘to tear, split, rip’	*teːt ‘to split, tear’
fire, to smoke, kindle	hahwi- ‘to kindle (fire)’	*xǝ¹	*xɨn ‘fire, to smoke’	*xin ‘to smoke’	*hǝn ‘fire, cooking fire’
to pierce, bore a hole	hap+t- ‘to bore (a hole)’	*xu¹- ~ *xu¹'-	*xu- ~ *xu'- ‘to pierce’		*hut ‘to pierce’
to swim, bathe	yup- ‘to bathe, take a bath’	*yu- ~ *yu'-	*yun ~ *yu'n ‘to swim’		*yun ‘to swim’
to explode, shoot	paːh+ma- ‘to shoot’	*pǝː¹	*pǝnkw ‘to burst’	*panq-‘to burst, explode’	*pǝw ‘to burst’
foot, take a step	t’eːkš+te ‘to make a step, to stride’	*tVː¹'k ~ *tVː¹'kʸ	*te'k ~ *te'kʸ ‘foot’		[*tek ‘foot’]

Bibliography

Chitimacha

• Swadesh, Morris. 1934a. Stories in Chitimacha, Mss.Rec.7, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
• Swadesh, Morris. 1934b. The phonetics of Chitimacha. Language 10:345–62.
• Swadesh, Morris. 1939. Chitimacha Grammar, Texts and Vocabulary, Franz Boas Collection of Materials for American Linguistics, Mss.497.3.B63c G6.5, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
• Swadesh, Morris. 1946a. Chitimacha. Linguistic Structures of Native America, ed. Harry Hoijer, pp. 312–336. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 6, New Yorkː Viking Fund.
• Swadesh, Morris. 1946b. Phonologic formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha. IJAL 12:113–132.
• Swadesh, Morris. 1950. Chitimacha-English Dictionary, Franz Boas Collection of Materials for American Linguistics, Mss.497.3.B63c G6.2, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.