Appendix:Tonkawa Swadesh list

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Tonkawa Swadesh list selected from Hoijer (1949):[1]

Hoijer (1949)[edit]

No. Gloss Tonkawa Notes (Tonkawa)
1 I saˑ- first person pronoun stem
2 you (singular) naˑ-ya
3 he ʔa-, ʔaˑ- third person pronoun
4 we kew-saˑ-ya we two.
5 you (plural) we-naˑ-ya you two
6 they ʔeˑ-noˑ-ka they (who) were doing so.
7 this
8 that weˑ-, weˑ?- that one
9 here -newleka- here and there
10 there -noˑlka- here and there
11 who sik
12 what hecuˑ
13 where he-te-ca
14 when -ʔok
15 how
16 not kapay no, not, nothing, none
17 all -tana- (?)
18 many haˑʔas many, much, a great deal
19 some ʔecas some of them
20 few
21 other ʔet-kalak
22 one weˑʔls
23 two ketay
24 three metis
25 four sikit
26 five kaskʷa
27 big kʷaˑlow (in size)
28 long haway tall, high, long, loud
29 wide xakay
30 thick hewll thickly
31 heavy
32 small ʔawʔis
33 short temʔay
34 narrow
35 thin hacoxkane-
36 woman kʷa-n
37 man (adult male) haˑʔakoˑn man, husband, male
38 man (human being) tickan humans, human beings
39 child
40 wife ʔatnaw-ke- love another’s wife
41 husband haˑʔakoˑn
42 mother kakaʔ
43 father ʔewas
44 animal
45 fish neswalʔan
46 bird ko-lʔa
47 dog ʔekˑan
48 louse
49 snake seˑnan
50 worm
51 tree, wood
52 forest heylapan-(n)otos
53 stick kʷeˑ
54 fruit
55 seed xeˑl
56 leaf xaˑsoy-tlc
57 root
58 bark (of a tree) no̠kokxa- (a dog)
59 flower nahen-, nahenan
60 grass nesawyaxan
61 rope sʔeˑtan
62 skin netxeyʔan tanned skin
63 meat ʔawas
64 blood ʔoˑn
65 bone ne̠kame-
66 fat (noun) xaˑ
67 egg haˑlol
68 horn kan-xaycon horn (of an animal)
69 tail tan
70 feather ʔeʔeyoˑn, ?eʔeyon feathers
71 hair xʔaˑk hair of the head
72 head taˑkey
73 ear henicxayʔan
74 eye nemtan-xaˑ
75 nose yamʔacxan
76 mouth kala
77 tooth
78 tongue (organ) ne̠ta̠le-, netatale- to lick (it) with the tongue
79 fingernail
80 foot naˑtan
81 leg yakʷan
82 knee
83 hand nota-, nonota-, nonotawa- to touch (it) with the hand
84 wing
85 belly ʔasoy
86 guts
87 neck yaklʔaxan
88 back hececoˑn
89 breast
90 heart yacanan
91 liver teyey
92 to drink xane-, hexaxanewe-
93 to eat ya̠xa-, heyaxyaxa-
94 to bite na̠ce-
95 to suck kom-ya̠xʔoyco-
96 to spit ne̠lʔaya-, ne̠lʔalʔaye- to spit (it) out
97 to vomit yʔaˑc-to̠ˑxa- to vomit on (him)
98 to blow napox-to̠ˑxa- to blow (it) at (him)
99 to breathe hensaxka-
100 to laugh xʔaxʔayʔa-
101 to see ya̠ˑce-, yayace- to see (him)
102 to hear soskoˑna-
103 to know ha̠ixeseˑ- to know (it)
104 to think yacane- to think about (It)
105 to smell to̠xʷa̠na-
106 to fear cocxawa- (xoˑ-) to be afraid
107 to sleep co̠xa̠na-, co̠xʷa̠na-
108 to live
109 to die hewawa-
110 to kill ya̠ˑloˑna- to kill (him)
111 to fight heˑsokyawa- (yoˑ-), heˑsosokyawa-
112 to hunt xilʔipa- to hunt (animals)
113 to hit kan-xacne- to hit a distant object with a thrown missile.
114 to cut xi̠le- to cut (It) open
115 to split
116 to stab ya̠ta̠sa-, yaytasa- to stab (him)
117 to scratch kalele-
118 to dig kʷanʔase-, kʷakʷanʔase-
119 to swim so̠'ya-
120 to fly yo̠xa-
121 to walk tickan-es-ʔe-
122 to come
123 to lie (as in a bed) ʔelnaw-
124 to sit yela- to sit (down)
125 to stand
126 to turn (intransitive) xaˑweyta- to turn around
127 to fall wa-n-atxilna-
128 to give ʔeke-
129 to hold taʔan-yeˑ- to hold (it) in one’s hand.
130 to squeeze na̠sʔoka-, na̠sʔosʔoka-
131 to rub ne̠pile-
132 to wash neˑclekʷe- to wash (e.g. blankets, clothing)
133 to wipe no̠ʔosa-
134 to pull nexelcew-xʔe̠ˑpa-
135 to push ya̠ke̠xe-, yaykexe- to push (him)
136 to throw ya̠le-, yayle- to throw (it)
137 to tie xaypllna-
138 to sew ya̠pe̠ce-, yaypece-
139 to count nes-kete- to count (them).
140 to say newe-
141 to sing hektawa-, hekektawa-
142 to play hektaˑwe-, hekektaˑwe- to play (as children)
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell so̠ˑpka-, sosopka- to swell up
147 sun taxas
148 moon naʔas-ʔoˑʔoˑt
149 star tawsew
150 water ʔaˑx
151 rain yoˑmʔa
152 river cakaw
153 lake hencaˑn
154 sea ʔaˑx-kʷaˑlow ocean: big water
155 salt mamʔe-
156 stone yatexan
157 sand xeˑs
158 dust keˑwan ash dust.
159 earth haˑc
160 cloud -eykoʔon
161 fog
162 sky cʔel-ay
163 wind ʔacxaw-taˑna- wind blows from the north
164 snow maslak-elan
165 ice nestikan
166 smoke ne̠paxke-
167 fire mʔelʔan
168 ash keˑwan fine white ashes, ash dust.
169 to burn na̠wa-
170 road naˑx
171 mountain naˑtoˑn
172 red henenwan red paint
173 green xaslsʔeyplc
174 yellow makik
175 white maslak
176 black kaxaw
177 night ʔoˑʔa
178 day taxas
179 year nexʷa winter; year
180 warm xalal
181 cold ʔac-ʔix
182 full sʔe̠ˑcxa- to be full
183 new hosas young, new, recen
184 old koˑsʔa
185 good henox
186 bad ʔix
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight sltix
190 round taımay
191 sharp (as a knife) clkak
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet toyʔo- to wet
195 dry hakne-
196 correct
197 near hakayta near side.
198 far cʔawʔal
199 right heʔey as opposed to left
200 left ʔasaˑhey
201 at to̠ˑxa- on, onto, at
202 in ko̠xo- in, into
203 with taˑ-ʔeye- with (him)
204 and ʔenik, ʔeˑnik and, and then, but
205 if -ʔok
206 because -aˑlakit
207 name hes-tewe-(toˑ-) to name (him)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Hoijer, Harry. 1949. An analytical dictionary of the Tonkawa language. University of California publications in linguistics, 5(1). Berkeley: University of California Press.

See also[edit]

Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachi • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní


Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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