Appendix:Proto-Bantu Swadesh list
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The following Proto-Bantu reconstructions are derived from the 100-word Swadesh list. Two versions are given, as quoted in Bastin (2019) and Schadeberg (2003) respectively. Both sources use BLR2 (Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 2) originally published in 1999.
Bostoen (2019)[edit]
The selected Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 2 (BLR2) reconstructions below are from Bastin, et al. (1999),[1] as quoted in Bostoen (2019).[2] 92 concepts, from the 100-word Swadesh list are given.
- Notes
| No. | |
|---|---|
| 0 | a previously proposed but rejected proto-form (731 items) |
| 1 | a well-established reconstruction having a Bantu-wide distribution and thus going back to PB (310 items) |
| 1a | a derived form whose root is a well-established PB reconstruction (514 items) |
| 1(a) | a derived form which can itself be reconstructed to PB (20 items) |
| 2/2a | a cluster of variable reconstructions which cover together the whole Bantu domain and have each a large distribution (17 items) |
| 3 | a well-established regional proto-form (593 items) |
| 3a | a derived form whose root is a well-established regional proto-form (519 items) |
| 4 | a problematic reconstruction (1243 items) |
| 5 | reconstructions corresponding to a comparative series whose attestations are few and/or spatially restricted (5397 items) |
| No. | Proto-Bantu | Gloss | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ncè | all | 1 |
| 2 | *bókò | arm; hand; front paw | 1 |
| 3 | *bú | soil, ashes: dust | 1 |
| 4 | bark | ||
| 5 | *dà | abdomen, intestines; [belly] | 1 |
| 5 | *bùmò | abdomen; pregnancy [belly] | 3 |
| 6 | *nénè | big | 1 |
| 7 | *jʊ̀nì | bird | 4 |
| 8 | *dʊ́m | bite | 1 |
| 9 | *jídʊ̀ | black | 1(a) |
| 10 | blood | ||
| 11 | *kúpà | bone | 1 |
| 12 | *béèdè | breast, udder | 4 |
| 13 | *pɪ́ | be burnt; be hot; becooked; be ripe; be red | 1 |
| 14 | cloud | ||
| 15 | *pépò | wind; cold | 1 |
| 15 | *pód | be cold, cool down; be quiet | 1 |
| 16 | *jìj | come | 1 |
| 17 | *kú | die | 1 |
| 18 | *bʊ́à | dog | 1 |
| 19 | *nyó | drink | 1 |
| 20 | *jʊ́m | be dry | 1 |
| 21 | *tʊ́ì | ear | 1 |
| 22 | *dɪ́ | eat | 1 |
| 23 | *gɪ́ | egg | 4 |
| 24 | *jícò | eye | 1 |
| 25 | *kútà | fat; oil | 1 |
| 26 | *cádá | feather | 3 |
| 27 | *pɪ́à | fire | 1(a) |
| 27 | *jótò | fire, fireplace | 1a |
| 28 | *cúɪ́ | fish | 4 |
| 29 | *gʊ̀dʊk | fly; run fast | 1 |
| 30 | *jíjad | be full | 1(a) |
| 30 | *jíjʊd | become full | 1(a) |
| 31 | *pá | give | 1 |
| 32 | good | ||
| 33 | *cɪ́ | ground; country; underneath | 1 |
| 34 | *búɪ̀ | white hair | 1 |
| 35 | *tʊ́è | head | 1 |
| 36 | *jígu | hear | 1 |
| 37 | *tɪ́mà | heart; liver | 1 |
| 38 | *jɪ́gá | horn | 4 |
| 39 | *bʊ́d | break, smash; kill | 1 |
| 40 | *dúɪ́ | knee | 4 |
| 41 | *jíjɪ | know | 1a |
| 41 | *jíjɪb | know | 1a |
| 42 | *jánì | leaf; grass | 4 |
| 43 | *gʊ̀dʊ̀ | leg; hind leg | 1 |
| 44 | *dáad | lie down, sleep; spend night | 1 |
| 45 | *tɪ́mà | heart; liver | 1 |
| 46 | *dàì | long | 4 |
| 47 | louse | ||
| 48 | *dʊ́mè | male; husband [man] | 1 |
| 49 | *jíngɪ́ | many | 4 |
| 50 | *nyàmà | animal; meat | 1 |
| 50 | *títʊ́ | animal, meat | 1a |
| 51 | *jédì | moon; month | 1(a) |
| 52 | mountain | ||
| 53 | *nʊ̀à | mouth; lip | 4 |
| 54 | *jádà | finger/toe-nail; claw | 4 |
| 55 | *jínà | name | 4 |
| 56 | *kòtì | (nape of) neck; occiput | 1 |
| 56 | *kíngó | neck; nape; voice | 1 |
| 57 | *pɪ́à | new | 4 |
| 58 | *tíkʊ̀ | night | 4 |
| 59 | *bòmbó | forehead; (bridge of) nose | 1 |
| 59 | *jʊ́dʊ̀ | nose, nostril | 4 |
| 60 | *mòì | one | 4 |
| 61 | *jɪ̀dà | path | 4 |
| 62 | *ntʊ̀ | person | 1 |
| 63 | *búdà | rain | 1 |
| 64 | *kʊ́dà | red colour/substance | 4 |
| 65 | *tínà | root, base of tree trunk; banana-tree | 1 |
| 65 | *dì | root, fibre | 1 |
| 66 | round | ||
| 67 | *céké | sand; grains; dregs; chaff | 4 |
| 67 | *cèngà | sand; sandy ground | 4 |
| 68 | *gàmb | speak; answer | 1 |
| 68 | *tɪ̀ | say; quote | 1 |
| 69 | *bón | see; find; acquire; undergo | 1 |
| 70 | *bʊ́tò | seed | 1a |
| 71 | *jìkad | dwell; be; sit; stay | 1 |
| 72 | *kóbá | skin; strap; girdle | 1 |
| 73 | *dáad | lie down, sleep | 1 |
| 74 | *kéè | little, small | 3 |
| 75 | *jíkì | smoke | 4 |
| 76 | *jɪ́m | stand; stop, intr. | 4 |
| 77 | star | ||
| 78 | *bʊ̀è | stone | 1 |
| 78 | *tádè | stone | 1 |
| 79 | *jʊ́bà | sun | 4 |
| 80 | *jóg | bathe; wash; swim | 4 |
| 82 | *dɪ́mì | tongue; language; flame | 1 |
| 83 | *jínò | tooth | 1 |
| 83 | *gègò | molar tooth; tooth | 1 |
| 84 | *tɪ́ | tree; stick | 1 |
| 85 | *bɪ̀dɪ́ | two | 4 |
| 85 | *bàdɪ́ | two | 2 |
| 86 | *gènd | walk; travel; go (away) | 1 |
| 87 | warm (weather) | ||
| 88 | *jíjɪ̀ | water | 1 |
| 89 | *í | what ? | 4 |
| 90 | white | ||
| 91 | who? | ||
| 92 | *kádí | woman, wife | |
| 93 | *gɪ̀ | go | 1 |
Other well-established Proto-Bantu forms (coded 1 or 1(a) in BLR2) that are on the Swadesh 200-word list and/or the Leipzig-Jakarta list:
| Proto-Bantu | Gloss |
|---|---|
| bá | dwell, be, become [live] |
| bàd | count |
| bɪ́ɪ̀ | bad |
| bímb | swell |
| bɪ̀ng | chase; chase away; go after [hunt] |
| bòd | be rotten |
| cèk | laugh; joke |
| cèng | cut spp. |
| cìngʊ | rub, smear |
| dèm | be heavy; be honoured |
| dìbà | pool, pond; deep water; well [lake] |
| dɪ̀d | weep; shout; wail |
| dɪ̀mb | trap by birdlime; stick to (something), intr; be firm, intr., [hunt] |
| díng | turn round, tr. intr.; wind round, wrap up |
| dʊ̀ | fight |
| dʊ̀d | be bitter; be sharp |
| dʊ́k | vomit |
| dùmb | smell intr |
| dʊ̀ng | join by tying |
| dʊ̀ng | be straight, right; put straight, right; be fitting; adjust |
| dùt | pull |
| gàdʊk | turn, intr.; go back; come back |
| gàng | tie up |
| gɪ̀d | act, do; say; have |
| gʊ̀ | fall |
| gʊ̀ndà | forest, garden, luxuriant vegetation |
| jákà | year; cultivation season; harvest |
| jánà | child |
| ját | split, tr.; separate |
| jícɪ̀ | day, daytime |
| jíjɪ̀ | river; waterhole |
| jɪ̀mb | sing; dance |
| jókà | snake; intestinal worm |
| kád | be bitter; be sour; be sharp; be fierce |
| kám | squeeze; wring |
| kèd | cut |
| kɪ́n | dance; play; gambol |
| kóm | hit with hammer; beat; kill |
| kʊ̀d | pull |
| kʊ́dʊ́ | adult; important person; master; elder brother (sister); old |
| kʊ́nì | firewood |
| pád | scrape, scratch |
| pèep | blow (as wind); winnow; smoke; breathe |
| pèèpè | wind |
| píc | hide; cover |
| pìn | press, squeeze (especially with the fingers) |
| píp | suck; extract juice |
| pùk | dig up, fling up (earth) |
| tá | throw away; throw; lose; put; trap; play game; do |
| tààtá | father, my father |
| táì | spittle |
| tákò | buttock, rear part; back |
| tɪ́ | fear |
| tím | dig |
| tɪ́n | cut |
| tínd | push, push back |
| títʊ́ | forest, thicket |
| tó | stamp; pound; bite [grind, crush] |
| tú | spit; fix the price |
| tʊ́ád | carry on the head; carry; bring; carry away; be chief; include |
| túm | stab |
| túm | sew, plait |
| tʊ́ng | put through; thread on string; plait; sew; tie up; build; close (in) |
Schadeberg (2003)[edit]
The following list of Proto-Bantu reconstructions is listed in Schadeberg (2003: 160-163).[3] The reconstructions themselves are from BLR2 (Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 2).[4] Distribution notes, provided in Schadeberg (2003), are sourced from Bastin, Coupez and Mann (1999).[5]
- Notes
- In the Parts of speech column, noun class categories are provided.
- In the Distribution column, Guthrie zone letters A-S are given. Lower case zones denote unexplained phonological or morphological deviations. Dashes denote lack of reflexes.
| Gloss | Gloss notes | Proto-Bantu | Part of speech | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | *=nce | (PPx-o-) | ABCDEFGHJKLMnpRS | |
| arm | *kʊ=bóko | N 15/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–RS | |
| ashes | *mʊ=tó (=tói ?) | N 3 (14) | ABcD–––H–KLMnprs | |
| ashes | dust, soil, ashes | *i=bú | N 5 (3, 6) | A–CDEFG–JKLM–PRS |
| bark (skin) | *i=gʊla | N 5 | ––c––F–HjKL––––– | |
| bark (skin) | *kɪ=kʊ́kʊ́ | N 7 | ––CD––––j–LM–––– | |
| bark (skin) | *lʊ=pʊ́ | N 11 | ––CD––––J–LM–––– | |
| belly | *i=bumo | N 5 | AB–––––H–KLM––R– | |
| belly | *i=tʊmbo | N 5 | ––––E–G–––––NP–S | |
| big | *=néne | Adj. | ABCDE–GHJKLM––R– | |
| big | *=néne-p-a | V | ––––E–GHJ–––NP–– | |
| big | *=nén-a | V | ABC––––––––––––– | |
| bird | *ka=jʊni | N 12/13 (9/10) | ABcDeFGHJKlMNP–S | |
| bite | *=lʊ́m-a | V | ABC–EFG–J––MNPRS | |
| black | *=jíl-a | V | ABCDEFgHJKLMNprs | |
| black | *=jíl-ʊ | Adj. | ABCDEFGHJK––N––– | |
| black | *pi | Ideo., Adj. | ––C––FG––––––––S | |
| black | *i=piipí | N 5 | –B–––F––JKLMnP–S | |
| blood | *ma=gilá | N 6 | ABCD–––H–KL––––– | |
| blood | < avoid | *=gil-a | V | A–C–EFGHJKLMN–RS |
| blood | *ma=gadí | N 6 | –––deF–––––MNP–S | |
| blood | < oil palm, palm oil | *=gadí | N 9, 6 | –BC––––HJKLM––R– |
| blood | *mʊ=lopa | N 3 | –––D––G––KLMN––S | |
| blood | *ma=ɲínga | N 6 | –b––EF–HJKL––––– | |
| bone | *i=kúpa | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| breasts | *ma=béele | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| burn, be hot | *=lʊng-ʊl-a | V | ––C–EFGHJKLMNpRS | |
| burn, be hot | *=pɪ́ -a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| cloud | *i=lʊnde | N 5/6 | –––––FG–––––NPR– | |
| cold | *mʊ=didi | N 3 | –BC––––H––––N––– | |
| cold | *=didim-a | V | ––C–EFGH–––MN–RS | |
| cold | cool | *=pól-a | V | ABcDEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| come | *=jij-a | V | ABC–EFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| die | *=kú-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| dog | *mbʊ́a | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| drink | *=nyó-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| dry | *=jʊ́m-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S | |
| dry | *=jʊ́m-u | Adj. | –B–––F––JKL–NP–– | |
| ear | *kʊ=tʊ́i | N 15/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR– | |
| eat | *=lɪ́ -a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| egg | *i=gɪ́ | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGhJKLMnPRS | |
| eye | *i=jíco | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| fat | *ma=kúta | N 6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S | |
| feather | *lʊ=cála | N 11 (5/6) | ABCD–––HJKL–––R– | |
| fire | *mʊ=jóto | N 3/4 | –BC–EFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| fire | < warm oneself | *=jót-a | V | ABCdEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| fire | (< burn; v.s.) | *tʊ=pɪ́ -a | N 13 | A–CDE–––JKLMnprS |
| fire | *tʊ=jíja | N 13 | A–CD–––H–KL––––– | |
| fire | *mʊ=lɪlo | N 3/4 | ––––E–––J–LMN–RS | |
| fish | *ncúɪ | N 9/10 | ABCDE–GHjKLM––R– | |
| flea | *ndá | N 9/10 | ab–DEF––J––MN–rS | |
| fly | *=gʊl-ʊk-a | V | A––DE–G–J–LMNP–– | |
| full | *=jíjal-a | V | ABCDEfGHjKLmNPRS | |
| give | *=pá-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| go | *=gɪ-a | V | ABCDEF–HJKLMNPRS | |
| good | *=jijá | Adj. | ––––EF–HJ–L––––– | |
| ground; (below) | *(pa-)ncɪ́ | N (16+) 9 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| hair | *=cíti (LL?) | N (class?) | A–––––––J–LMN–RS | |
| hair | *lʊ=cʊkɪ́ | N 11/10 | ABC––––HjKL–––R– | |
| hair | *lʊ=jʊɪ́lɪ́ (ɪ ~ e) | N 11/10 | –––DEFG–J–lM–––– | |
| head | *mʊ=tʊe | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR- | |
| hear | *=jígu-a | V | ––c––FGHjKLMNPRS | |
| heart | (> liver) | *mʊ=tɪ́ma | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR– |
| horn | *lʊ=pémbé | N 9/10 | ––CDEFG–J––MN––– | |
| horn | (object made from horn) | *mʊ=céngo | N 3/4 | –––D–––HJKLMNP–– |
| kill | *=bʊ́l(-ag)-a | V | ABCDEFGH–KL––PRS | |
| kill | *=jíp(-ag)-a | V | a–cDeF–h–KLMNPrS | |
| knee | *i=dúɪ́ (HL?) | N 5/6 | A–CDEFG–JKlM–––S | |
| knee | *i=bóngó | N 5/6 | ABCDE––H––L––––– | |
| know | *=jíjɪ(b-a) | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–RS | |
| know | *=many-a | V | AbCDEFG–J–LMNP–– | |
| leaf | *i=jáni (tone?) | N 5/6 | ABCDE–G–JKLMN––S | |
| leg | *kʊ=gʊlʊ | N 15/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–R– | |
| lie, sleep | *=lá-al-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNpRS | |
| liver (see also heart) | *=balɪ | N (class ?) | ABC––––––K–––––– | |
| long, far, long ago | *=lai | Adj. | –BCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| long, far, long ago | *=lai-p-a | V | A–––EFGHJKLM–pRS | |
| man, husband | (< ‘bite’, v.s.) | *mʊ=lʊ́me | N 1/2; Adj. | ABCDE-GHJKLMNPRS |
| many | *=jíngɪ́ | Adj. | aBcDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| meat, animal | *ɲama | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| moon | (< ‘white’, v.i.) | *kʊ=jédi | N 15/6, 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| mountain, hill | *lʊ=gʊlʊ | N 11/10 | –B–D–F––J–L–––R– | |
| mountain, hill | < top, sky | *i=gʊlʊ (~ LH) | N 5 | ABC–EFGHJKLMNPRS |
| mouth | *ka=nʊa | N 12 | aBCDE–gHJKLMnpRS | |
| mouth | lip, mouth | *mʊ=lomo | N 3/4 | ––CDEFG–JKLMN––S |
| nail | *lʊ=jála | N 11/10 | ABCDEfGHJKLMnpRS | |
| name | *i=jína | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| neck | *nkíngó | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| neck | nape | *nkoti | N 9/10 | ABCDE–GHJKLMNPRS |
| new | (< ‘burn’, v.s.) | *=pɪ́-a (HH?) | Adj. | –––DEFG–JKLMN––S |
| night, 24 hour period | *bʊ=tíkʊ (í ~ ú) | N 14 | AbCDEFGhJKlMNpRS | |
| nose | *i=jʊ́lʊ | N 5/6 | ABCDEF–HJKL–––R– | |
| one | *=moi | Num. | ABCDEFGhJKLMnpRS | |
| path | *njɪla (LH?) | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| person | *mʊ=ntʊ | N 1/2 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| rain | *mbúlá | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| red (substance) | *nkʊ́la | N 9 | ABCd–––HJKLM–––– | |
| red (substance) | red soil | *nkʊ́ndʊ́ | N 9 | a–C–E–G––K–––pR– |
| red (substance) | *=tɪl-a (tone?) | V | –BCD–––H–KL–––R– | |
| root, fibre | *mʊ=di | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–RS | |
| round (be, make) | *=bʊ́lʊng-a | V | ––C–––GhJ–LMN–rS | |
| round (be, make) | make round and smooth | *=kʊ́lʊng-a | V | ––C–––G–J––MN–RS |
| sand | *mʊ=céké | N 3 | AbCD–––HJKLMN–RS | |
| sand | *i=cenga (e ~ a) | N 3 | aBCDeFgHJKLMNprs | |
| say, quote | *=tɪ | V | ––C–E–GHJ––MNPRS | |
| say, quote | do, say | *=gɪl-a | V | ABCD––––JK–M–P–S |
| say, quote | speak, answer | *=gamb-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S |
| see | *=bón-á (b ~ m) | V | –BCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| seed | *mbʊ́t-o | N 10 | –BCD–––HJKLMN–R– | |
| sit | *=jikal-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| skin, strap, cloth | *=kánda | N 3/4, … | ABc–EFGHJKLMNPrS | |
| skin, strap, cloth | skin, strap, bark | *mʊ=kóbá | N 3/4, … | ABCDEFG–JKLMnpRs |
| skin, strap, cloth | skin, cloth | *ngʊ́bo | N 9/10 | A––dEfGH–kLMNP–S |
| sleep | *tʊ=ló | N 13 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNpRs | |
| small | *=(kée)kée | Adj. | –BCD––GHJ–LM–P–– | |
| small | *=kée-p-a | V | –––D–FG–JKLMN––S | |
| smoke | *mʊ=jíki (í ~ ó) | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| stand | *=jɪ́m(-al)-a | V | AbCDeFG–JKLMNp–S | |
| star | *nyénye(dí) | N 9/10 | –B––E–gHJ–LMN––S | |
| stone | *i=bʊe | N 5/6 | ––CDEFG–JKLMNPRS | |
| stone | stone, iron ore | *i=tále | N 5/6 | ABCD–F–HJKLMNPRS |
| sun | *i=jʊ́ba | N 5 | ABcDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| swim, bathe | *=jóg-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR– | |
| tail | *mʊ=kɪ́la | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| tongue | *lʊ=lɪ́mi | N 11/10 | ABcDEfGHJKLMNPRS | |
| tooth | *i=jíno | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S | |
| tooth | molar | *i=gego | N 5/6 | ABC–EFG–jKL––PRS |
| tree | *mʊ=tɪ́ | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| two | *=balɪ́ (a ~ ɪ) | Num. | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| walk | *=gend-a | V | ABC–EFGhJKLMNPrS | |
| warm, hot | (< ‘burn’, v.s.) | *=pɪ́ -ʊ | Adj. | ––––EFG–j–LMNPR– |
| water | *ma=jíjɪ | N 6 | AbCDEFGHJKLMNprS | |
| water | water, pool | *i=diba (HH?) | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| what | *kı=í | N 7 | ––CDEFGHJ–LMN––– | |
| what | where, which | *pa=í | N 16 | A–––––––JKL–––RS |
| white, bright | *=jél-a | V | –BCD–FG–J–L–N–RS | |
| white, bright | *=jél-ʊ | Adj. | ––CDEFGHJ––M–––– | |
| white, bright | *=jél-ʊ | Adj. | ––CDEFGHJ––M–––– | |
| who | *n(d)ai (tone?) | Inv. | ––C–––G–J––––––– | |
| woman, wife | *mʊ=kádí | N 1/2 | ABCDefgHJKLMNprS |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Bastin, Y., A. Coupez & M. Mann (1999). Continuity and Divergence in the Bantu Languages: Perspectives from a Lexicostatistic Study. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa.
- ^ Bostoen, Koen (2019). Reconstructing Proto-Bantu. In Mark Van de Velde, Koen Bostoen, Derek Nurse, and Gérard Philippson (eds). The Bantu languages (2nd ed.), 308-334. New York: Routledge. →ISBN. (First edition published by Routledge in 2004.)
- ^ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 2003. Historical linguistics. In Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson (eds.), The Bantu languages. (Routledge language family series 4. New York: Routledge. →ISBN
- ^ Coupez, A., Bastin, Y. and Mumba, E. (1998) Reconstruction lexicales bantoues 2/Bantu lexical reconstructions 2. (Computerized data base. Download from: http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD .)
- ^ Bastin, Y., Coupez, A. and Mann, M. (1999) Continuity and divergence in the Bantu languages: perspectives from a lexicostatistic study, Tervuren: MRAC.
External links[edit]
- "Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3". Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren. Searchable database of reconstructed Proto-Bantu words.