Appendix:Proto-Fula-Sereer reconstructions
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Proto-Proto-Fula–Sereer reconstructions from Pozdniakov (2022) are given below.
Pozdniakov (2022)[edit]
| Proto-Fula-Sereer | English gloss | French gloss |
|---|---|---|
| *Ɂur | abscess | abcès |
| *Cəll | acacia sp. 1 | acacia sp. 1 |
| *ngɔbw | acacia sp. 2 | acacia sp. 2 |
| *Caas 1 | acacia sp. 3 | acacia sp. 3 |
| *jaɓ | accept (vb) | accepter, recevoir, se marrier |
| *tooɲ | accuse (vb), offend (vb) | accuser, offencer |
| *fi | act (vb); thing | agir; chose |
| *yem/ɓ | admire (vb) | admirer |
| *sawta | adze | herminette |
| *diid/r | afraid (svb); funk panic? | peur (avoir); panique |
| *w/muj/ƴ | agitate (vb) | (se) troubler, s’agiter |
| *fu(f) | all | tout |
| *tool | alone, solitary (svb) | seul, solitaire |
| *hwob | amass (vb); swarm | (s’)amasser, essaim |
| *taan | ancestor; grandchild | ancêtre; petit-fils |
| *ɲVɲ | ant | fourmi |
| *njakw | antelope sp. (Guib) | antilope sp. (guib) |
| *Bill | antelope sp. (Kob) | antilope sp. (cobe) |
| *mbat/ɗ | antelope sp. | antilope sp. |
| *suus | anus | anus |
| *Taan | anvil | enclume |
| *feeɲ | appear (vb) | apparaître |
| *jVn? | arm | bras |
| *hwus | arm; biceps | bras, biceps |
| *naq | arm; handful | bras, poignée |
| *naap | armpit | aisselle |
| *ndɔw | ash | cendre |
| *laam | ask (vb), question (vb) | demander, interroger |
| *song | assault (vb) | (se) jeter sur |
| *sVnɢ | assemble (vb) | assember |
| *dug/h | attach (vb); belt | attacher; ceinture |
| *moy | avoid (vb) | éviter |
| *sombe | ax sp. | hache sp. |
| *lʌnɢ | background; deep (svb) | fond; profond |
| *bon | bad (svp) | mauvais |
| *jay/ƴ | balance (vb) 2 | balancer 2 |
| *meeƴ/j | balance sp. (vb) | balancer sp. |
| *moorl | ball | boule |
| *ramb | ball, grip | boule, poingnée |
| *ɓaak | baobab | baobab; corde |
| *xoɓ | bark (n) | écorce |
| *(g)wox/f | bark (vb) 1 | aboyer 1 |
| *ŋaf | bark (vb) 2 | aboyer 2 |
| *box | bark (vb) 3 | aboyer 3 |
| *cVng | basket sp. | panier sp. |
| *biɗ/l | bat sp. | chauve-souris sp. |
| *sVmb | bathe (vb), wash (vb) | baigner, se laver |
| *ɲVw/b | bean | haricot |
| *nakw | beat (vb); hurt (vb) | battre, blesser |
| *D/Teer/d | belly; middle | ventre, milieu |
| *tuɗ/r | bend (vb) | courber |
| *lunk | bend (vb); rump | courber, croupe |
| *naɗ | bend (vb); stretch (vb) | courber; s’étirer |
| *ƴuug | bend down (vb) | se baisser |
| *magw | big; old (svb) | grand, agé |
| *D/Tim | birth (vb) | enfanter |
| *ɓas | birth (vb); family | enfanter, famille |
| *ŋat | bite (vb) | mordre |
| *xaaɗ | bitter (svb) | amer |
| *ɓal | black (svb) | noir |
| *Bajj | blanket | couverture |
| *Tuy/ƴƴ | bleed (nose) (vb) | saigner du nez |
| *ƴel | blood | sang |
| *fVɲ | bloom (vb) | fleurir |
| *bul | blue (svp) | bleu |
| *ɓaal | body | corps |
| *(b)waƴ | boil (vb) | bouillir |
| *giƴ/ʔ | bone | os |
| *luɓ | borrow (vb), lend (vb) | emprunter, prêter |
| *Pet | bounce (vb) | rebondir |
| *Pʊd/r | bowels | entrailles, intestins |
| *jaj/w | bracelet sp. | bracelet sp. |
| *mod/r | braid (vb) | tresser |
| *xaw | braid (vb), twist (vb) | tresser, corder |
| *ngand | brain | cerveau |
| *sal | branch (vb; n) | bifurquer; branche |
| *D/Taang/g | branch of rônier; mat sp. | branche de rônier; natte tressée sp. |
| *toƴ | break (vb) | briser |
| *Ɂat/d | bring (vb) | apporter |
| *ɓoof 1 | brood (vb); egg | couver, œuf |
| *Cəw | bucket; extract (vb) | seau; extraire |
| *jap/b | buddle of rice | gerbe de riz |
| *max | build (vb) | construire |
| *bang | build a dike (vb) | faire une digue |
| *ngɔɔx | bull | taureau |
| *ƴ/Jong | bump 1 | bosse 1 |
| *bɔmb | bump 2 | bosse 2 |
| *sunj/ƴ | bump 3 | bosse 3 |
| *Ɂuf | bury (vb) | enterrer |
| *fal 2 | calabash | gourde |
| *(b)waag/w | can (vb) | pouvoir |
| *jaab/w | canter (vb) | galoper |
| *dag/h | captive | captif |
| *(b)wax | carry (vb) | porter |
| *gad/ɗ | carry (vb), place (vb), charge (vb) | porter, placer, charger |
| *sex | carve (wood) (vb) | tailler du bois |
| *ɓuj | castrate (vb) | castrer |
| *muus | cat | chat |
| *luf? | cavity 1 | cavité 1 |
| *lɔx | cavity 2 | cavité 2 |
| *cal-cal | chain | chaîne |
| *j/ɲeɗ/dd | challenge (vb), argue (vb), insult (vb) | contester, disputer, insulter |
| *bes/c | change (vb), switch (vb) | changer |
| *Gang | chest | poitrine |
| *ƴax | chew (vb) | mâcher |
| *ɓi | child; fruit | enfant; fruit |
| *soɗ | choke (vb) | avaler de travers |
| *kuru | circle | cercle |
| *hadd | circumcise (vb) | circoncire |
| *juul | circumcised (n) | circoncis |
| *ɲaas | claw (vb); tattoo (vb) | griffer; tatouer |
| *fop | clean (vb) | nettoyer |
| *Nɢereɲ | clever (svb) | habile |
| *ƴoƴ | clever, cunning (svb) | malin, rusé |
| *jat/d | clitoris | clitoris |
| *muɓ | close (vb), cork (vb) | fermer, boucher |
| *Ɂup/bb | close (vb); bury (vb) | fermer, enterrer |
| *jɔgɔɲ | cold (svb) | froid |
| *gərd/j | collapse (vb) | (s’)écrouler |
| *noon | color; type | couleur; type |
| *jar-it | comb (vb) | peigner |
| *hVp/f | comb sp. (vb) | coiffer sp. |
| *gar | come (vb), arrive (vb) | venir, arriver |
| *xeƴ | contain (vb); suffice (vb) | contenir; suffire |
| *ɓay | cool (svb), wet (svb) | frais, humide |
| *ɓuuɓ | cool (svb), cold (svb) | frais, froid |
| *jar | cost (vb) | coûter |
| *lig- | cotton plant | cotonnier |
| *gaar | cotton thread | fil de coton |
| *lim | count (vb) | compter |
| *bomb- 2 | cover (vb) 1 | couvrir 1 |
| *gul/dd | cover (vb) 2 | couvrir 2 |
| *ƴaf | cover (vb) 3 | couvrir 3 |
| *naak | cow | vache |
| *yol/r | coward (svb) | détendre |
| *nawl | co-wife | coépouse |
| *Peeɗ/ƴƴ | crack | crevasse |
| *gekw | crack (vb), break (vb) | craquer, casser |
| *ɓood | crawl (vb); snake | ramper, serpent |
| *hwanx/ŋ | crazy (svb) | fou |
| *noox/r | crocodile | crocodile |
| *Pɔr | cross (vb) | traverser |
| *mooɲ | crush (vb); crumble (vb) | écraser; émietter |
| *Baax | custom | coutume |
| *Taƴ | cut (vb); block (vb) | couper, barrer |
| *seel | cut into strips (vb) | découper en lanières |
| *yaq | damage (vb) | abîmer |
| *seeɓ | dampness | moiteur |
| *niɓ | dark (svb) | obscur, sombre |
| *beeʈ | dawn (vb; n) | aurore, aube |
| *ɲall | day | jour |
| *hʌll | deceive (vb) 1 | tromper 1 |
| *maak | declare (vb) | déclarer |
| *ɓoos | deflate (vb), massage (vb) | dégonfler, masser |
| *jip | descend (vb) 1 | descendre 1 |
| *yoor | descend (vb) 2 | descendre 2 |
| *saɓ | designate, point (vb); index | désigner du doigt; index |
| *yakw | despise (vb) | mépriser |
| *Caar | diarrhea | diarhée |
| *ɗom | difficult (svb); thirst | difficile; soif |
| *gas 1 | dig (vb) | creuser |
| *cuq | digging stick | bâton à creuser |
| *bʊt | dine (vb) | dîner |
| *toɗ | dirty (svb) | sale |
| *das- | disperse (vb) | disperser |
| *samb/nw | disperse (vb); abandon (vb) | (se) disperser, abandonner |
| *xɛɛf | disregard (vb) | mépriser |
| *gʌll | dizziness | vertige |
| *ɓox/s | dog | chien |
| *Baam | donkey | âne |
| *dir | drag (vb), roll (vb) | traîner, rouler |
| *ƴew/g | draw (water) (vb) | puiser |
| *Tuf | drill (vb) 1 | percer 1 |
| *yul | drill (vb) 2 | percer 2 |
| *yɛr | drink (vb) | boire |
| *yɔɔr | drool (vb); slobber | baver; bave |
| *Bak | drum sp. 1 | tambour sp. 1 |
| *bomb 1 | drum sp. 2 | tambour sp. 2 |
| *(g)wer | dry (svb) | sec, sécher |
| *D/TVm | dwarf | nain |
| *gend | dwell (vb) 1 | habiter 1 |
| *kʊɗ | dwell (vb) 2 | habiter 2 |
| *suup/w | dye (vb) | teindre |
| *nof | ear (n) | oreille |
| *yurn | ear (vb) | épier |
| *yɔɔɓ/f | easy (svb) | facile |
| *ɲaam | eat (vb) | manger |
| *muɗ | eat something starchy (vb) | manger qqch farineuse |
| *ƴar/dd? | educate (vb); whip (vb) | éduquer; fouetter |
| *ɲigw | elephant | éléphant |
| *(G/B)waaɲ | eliminate (vb) | écarter |
| *hwof | enclose (vb), hug (vb), kiss (vb) | renfermer, se serrer, embrasser |
| *ɲɩng/ɲ | engrave (vb), decorate (vb) | graver, décorer |
| *g/ŋas/j | enjoy (vb), gossip (vb), play (vb) | s’amuser, bavarder, jouer |
| *foʈ | equal (svb) | égal |
| *hir | evening | soir |
| *daɗ | exceed (vb) | dépasser |
| *sof | exchange (vb) | échanger |
| *(g)wor | exit (vb) 1 | sortir 1 |
| *sut | exit (vb) 2 | sortir 2 |
| *ɲəf | extinguish (vb) | éteindre |
| *Giʈ | eye | œil |
| *maf 1 | falcon | faucon |
| *yool/r | fall (vb; n) | tomber, chute |
| *ɓaɓɓ | fall (vb) 1 | tomber 1 |
| *sam | fall (vb) 2 | tomber 2 |
| *yɛn | fall (vb) 3 | tomber 3 |
| *goɗ | far (svb) | loin |
| *hoor | fast (svb); abstinence | jeûner |
| *neɓ/b | fat | gras; graisse |
| *ɓuɓ | fat (svb); abscess | gras; abcès |
| *baaba | father | père |
| *gəd | fatten (vb) | engraisser |
| *ɗing? | fence (vb), enclosure | clôturer, enclos |
| *Dim | Ficus sp. 1 | Ficus sp. 1 |
| *ndubale | Ficus sp. 2 | Ficus sp. 2 |
| *heb | fill (vb), charge (vb) | remplir, charger |
| *may | fill (vb); much; high tide | remplir; marée haute; être beaucoup |
| *sɩɗ | filter (vb), sift (vb) | filtrer, tamiser |
| *Qol | finger | doigt |
| *li(ɓ) | fish | poisson |
| *ɓaaf/p | fish sp. (vb) 1 | pêcher à la main |
| *bʌɓ/bb | fish sp. (vb) 2 | pêcher sp. |
| *feɗ | fix (vb), button (vb) | fixer, boutonner |
| *ɗep | flat (svb) | plat |
| *ɓomb | flatten (vb); wither (vb) | rendre aplati; flétrir |
| *man | flatter (vb) | flatter |
| *pin/l-pin/l | flea | puce |
| *D/Tay | float (vb) 1 | flotter |
| *humb | float (vb) 2 | flotter, surnager |
| *(b)waam/b | flood (vb), overflow (vb) | innoder, déborder |
| *yʊʊr | flow (vb) | couler |
| *sib/w | flow (vb), filter (vb) | couler, filtrer |
| *(b)wal 2 | fluid (svb) | fluide |
| *liit | flute 1 | flûte 1 |
| *sel/r | flute 2 | flûte2 |
| *Coow | fly sp. (n) | mouche sp. |
| *Guf | foam | mousse |
| *Cut | fog (n) | brouillard |
| *ŋok/g | fold (vb) | plier |
| *dor | fold (vb), wrap (vb) | enrouler |
| *D/Tekw | follow (vb) 1 | suivre 1 |
| *doŋ/n | follow (vb) 2 | suivre 2 |
| *ɗukw | fontanel | fontanelle |
| *gubb | forage (vb); fodder (n) | fourrager, fourrage |
| *sool | foreskin | prépuce |
| *bayl | forge (vb); black-smith | forger; forgeron |
| *Taf | forge (vb; n); black-smith | forger; forge; forgeron |
| *(g)weƴ | forget (vb) | oublier |
| *nai | four | quatre |
| *xɛwt | gather (vb) | réunir |
| *tVɓ | gather fruits (vb) | cueillir des fruits |
| *ball | get in the way (vb) | mettre en travers |
| *Ɂin/m-ox | get up (vb) | se lever |
| *Coox | give (vb) 1 | donner 1 |
| *D/Tox | give (vb) 2 | donner 2 |
| *ɗaq | glue (vb) | coller |
| *ŋooɲ | gnaw (vb) | ronger |
| *jag | go (vb) | aller |
| *ɓelt | go through (vb) | passer par |
| *mbe | goat | chèvre |
| *yoox | goitre | goître |
| *moƴ | good (svb), best | bien, meilleur |
| *maam | grandparent | grand-parent |
| *D/Tud/r | graze (vb) 1 | brouter |
| *suuf | graze (vb) 2 | brouter, pâturer |
| *dɩd/r | greedy (svb) | gourmand |
| *(b)wal 1 | greet in the morning (vb) | saluer le matin |
| *saf/h | grill (vb) | griller |
| *ɓiɲ | grimace | grimace |
| *sox | grind (vb), pound (vb) | ôter le son, piler |
| *gawul | griot | griot |
| *maabo | griot; weaver | griot, tisserand |
| *Pʊmp | grope (vb) | tâtonner |
| *ŋuur | grunt (vb) | grogner |
| *jaaw | guinea fowl | pintade |
| *leeɓ | hair (body hair) | poil |
| *mup | handle; beat sp. (vb) | poignée; battre sp. |
| *saɗ | hard, difficult (svb) | dur, difficile |
| *caam | harpoon 1 | harpon 1 |
| *jor | harpoon 2 | harpon 2 |
| *jeg/y | have (vb) | avoir, posséder |
| *xoox | head | tête |
| *nan | hear (vb) | entendre |
| *yɛgg | hear (vb), perceive (vb) | entendre, percevoir |
| *j/ɲaɓ/f | heavy rain | pluie forte, averse |
| *meɗ | heavy, difficult (svb) | lourd, difficile |
| *dank | heel | talon |
| *biɁ/g | heifer | génisse |
| *yoom | helpless, discouraged (svb) | impuissant, découragé |
| *fud/ɗ | henna; yellow | henné; jaune |
| *coggal | herd | troupeau |
| *gay | herd (vb) | paître |
| *ləkiƴ | hiccough | hoquet |
| *bɩd/r | hide (vb), cover (vb), bury (vb) | cacher, couvrir, enterrer |
| *took/w | high (svb) | haut |
| *tok/ng | hinder (vb) | entraver |
| *hwʌnx | hit (vb), bump (vb) | heurter 3 |
| *buɓ | hit (vb) 1 | heurter 1 |
| *gVmp | hit (vb) 2 | heurter 2 |
| *xaw/ɓ | hit (vb), beat (vb) | frapper, battre |
| *Dung | hive | ruche |
| *dam | hold (vb); grab (vb) | tenir; saisir |
| *yuum | honey | miel |
| *hwoos | hoof | sabot |
| *saaɗ | hook someone’s leg (vb) | croc-en-jambe |
| *luɁ | horn | corne |
| *kilikoko | hornbill | calao |
| *pəs | horse | cheval |
| *fok? | hot (svb) | chaud |
| *sum | hot (svb); burn (vb) | chaud; brûler |
| *xeex/g | hunger | faim |
| *gaw | hunt (vb); throw (vb) | chasser, lancer |
| *ɗan? | hunter, shooter | chasseur |
| *gaaɲ | hurt (vb) | blesser |
| *ŋaw/ŋ | Ibis sp. | Ibis sp. |
| *jir | ill (svb) | malade |
| *fes | incise (vb) | inciser |
| *gaɗ/d | indigo; dye (vb) | indigo; teindre |
| *Puut | inflate (vb) | gonfler |
| *(b)wen | insult (vb) | insulter |
| *njɛlɛm | iron | fer |
| *gaaɓ | jaw; cheek | mâchoire; joue |
| *dab | join (vb) 1 | joindre 1 |
| *jʊx | join (vb) 2 | joindre 2 |
| *haf | joke (vb), revel (vb) | plaisanter, s’amuser |
| *Cir | jump (vb) 1 | sauter 1 |
| *fol | jump (vb) 2 | sauter 2 |
| *diw | jump (vb), fly (vb) | sauter, voler |
| *xonɢ | kernel, grain, nut | noyau, grain, noix |
| *damp- | kick (vb; n) | coup de pied |
| *(B)War | kill (vb) | tuer |
| *(b)waaɲ | kitchen | cuisine |
| *naaw | kite | cerf-volant |
| *Kʊɓ/f | knee | genou |
| *gwuɓ | knock (vb) / pull down (vb) | abattre |
| *Ɂand | know (vb) | savoir |
| *xɔɔt | lack (vb) | manquer |
| *Beel | lake, pond | lac, étang |
| *yaaj | large (svb) | large |
| *jal 1 | laugh (vb) | rire |
| *doxon/nd | lay on (vb) 1 | poser sur 1 |
| *yebw | lay on (vb) 2 | poser sur 2 |
| *Ɂir | lay on the ground (vb) | poser à terre |
| *xorb | layer (vb), garnish (vb) | garnir |
| *betex | lead (metal) | plomb |
| *ɓis | lead (vb), send (vb) | conduire.envoyer |
| *geƴ/s | lean (vb) | adosser, appuyer |
| *jang | learn (vb) | apprendre |
| *Ɂaq | learn (vb); teach (vb) | apprendre, enseigner |
| *(g)was | leave (vb) | laisser, quitter |
| *ɗal | leave (vb), avoid (vb) | laisser, éviter |
| *baf | leave (vb), get up (vb) | partir, se lever |
| *Qoos | leg | jambe |
| *lamƴ | lick (vb) 1 | lécher 1 |
| *met | lick (vb) 2 | lécher 2 |
| *fen | lie (vb) | mentir |
| *(b)wɔnd | lie down (vb), repose (vb) | coucher, (se) reposer |
| *jaw | light a fire (vb); cook (vb) | allumer, cuire |
| *Kʌɓɓ | light up (vb) 1 | allumer 1 |
| *yɔɓ | light up (vb) 2 | allumer 2 |
| *yɛlɛf | lightweight, easy (svb) | léger, facile |
| *laƴ | limp (vb) | boiter |
| *njɔgɔy | lion | lion |
| *Ton | lip | lèvre |
| *j/ɲoow/ɓ | live (vb), feed (vb) | vivre, se nourrir |
| *xeeɲ | liver | foie |
| *Bu(u)d | loincloth sp. | pagne sp. |
| *(g)woot | lonely, alone (svb) | solitaire, seul |
| *(G/B)weƴox | look back (vb) | regarder derrière soi |
| *mɔƴ/j | lose (vb) | perdre |
| *hwex | love (vb) | aimer |
| *suuy | lower (slowly) (vb) | abaisser lentement |
| *saafaandu | lycaon, wild dog | lycaon |
| *daa(s)k | magpie | corbeau-pie |
| *goor | man | homme |
| *Birq | manure | fumier |
| *bet | many | beaucoup |
| *hap | measure (vb) | mesurer |
| *regeƴ/w | meat | viande |
| *sɔɔy | melt (svb) | fondre |
| *ŋeew | meow (vb) | miauler |
| *sow | milk | lait |
| *ɓir | milk (vb) | traire |
| *gakw | millet | mil |
| *ɲak | miss (vb) | manquer |
| *fal 1 | mistake (vb) | (se) tromper |
| *babw 2 | molar | molaire |
| *naar | Moorish | maure |
| *log | morsel; put in mouth (vb) | bouchée, mettre dans la bouche |
| *babw 1 | mortar | mortier |
| *ɓook | mosquito | moustique |
| *yaay | mother | mère |
| *ɲaaw | mourning; widow | deuil; veuve |
| *ƴaɁ? | move (vb) | déplacer |
| *loof | mud, sink into the mud (vb) | boue, enfoncer dans la boue |
| *muum | mute (svb) | muet |
| *xool | naked, clean (svb) | nu, propre |
| *KWaɗ | neck, throat | cou, gorge |
| *cɛq | necklace | collier |
| *yaap/b | neglect (vb) | négliger |
| *Nɢakwal | neigh (vb) | hennir |
| *samb/bb | nest | nid |
| *muk | never | jamais |
| *xas | new (svb) | nouveau |
| *ŋaɓ/p | nibble (vb) | mordiller |
| *yeng | night | nuit |
| *gand | nipple | mamelle |
| *(G)Wors | noose | noeud coulant |
| *ganj/ŋa | okra | gombo |
| *nɔgɔy | old (svb) | vieux |
| *hid/ɗɗ | old (svb), worn (svb) | vieux, usé |
| *fer | open (vb), begin (vb) | ouvrir, commencer |
| *mʌɓɓ-it | open sp. (vb) | ouvrir sp. |
| *(G/B)wan | orphan | orphelin |
| *ƴool | overflow (pot) (vb) | déborder (marmite) |
| *gak | pack (vb); stain (vb) | tasser, tacher |
| *ɗanɢ/k | palate | palais |
| *D/Tof/ɓ | palm sp. | palmier rônier |
| *ɓoof 2 | paralyze (vb) | paralyser |
| *faaf | pass (vb); meet (vb) | passer, rencontrer |
| *ɓak | paste (vb); berth (vb) | coller, accoster |
| *ɓool | peel (vb) | écorcer, éplucher |
| *Ɂiin | person | personne (himaine) |
| *Ɂun | pestle; pound (vb) | pilon, piler |
| *kakaraw | pharaoh hen | poule de pharaon |
| *ɓʊf | pick up (vb) | ramasser |
| *jʌnɢ | picket | piquet |
| *mer/t | piece of cloth | bande de tissu |
| *Puc | pierce (abscess) (vb) | percer (abcès) |
| *ga-D/Tur | pig, boar | cochon, sanglier |
| *julm | pile up (vb) | entasser |
| *ɓeɗ | pinch (vb) 1 | pincer 1 |
| *ŋut/c | pinch (vb) 2 | pincer 2 |
| *Boɓ | plane tree sp. | Platane du Sénégal (Sterculia sp.) |
| *j/ɲimb/ɓ | plant (vb) | planter, transplanter |
| *ndo(n)x | plant sp. (Annona senegalensis) | Annona senegalensis |
| *Gan 2 | plant sp. (Celtis intergrifolia) | Celtis intergrifolia |
| *bos | plant sp. (Gardenia ternifolia) | Gardenia ternifolia |
| *Qel | plant sp. (Grewia bicolor) | Grewia bicolor |
| *basak | plant sp. (Hibiscus esculentus, okra) | Hibiscus esculentus, gombo |
| *ban/nd | plant sp. (Pennisetum pedicellatum) | Pennisetum pedicellatum |
| *ban | plant sp. (Pterocarpus erinaceus) | Pterocarpus erinaceus |
| *bel | pleasant (svb) | bon, agréable |
| *(G)Wor | pluck (vb) 1 | effeuiller 1 |
| *gos/c | pluck (vb) 2 | effeuiller 2 |
| *səp | plug (soil) (vb), plant (vb) | ficher (en terre), planter |
| *muʈ | plunge (vb); press in (vb) | plonger, enfoncer |
| *jox/r | point (with a finger) (vb) | montrer du doigt |
| *sangal | porcupine | porc-épic |
| *Bonɢ/s | porridge | bouillie |
| *dəbb | pound (vb) 1 | piler 1 |
| *sɔmp | pound (vb) 2 | piler 2 |
| *Pac | pour (vb) 1 | verser1 |
| *yəp | pour (vb) 2 | verser 2 |
| *lVƴ/jj | pour (vb); overthrow (vb) | verser; renverser |
| *Ɂad-ox | precede (vb) | devancer, précéder |
| *hwɔm | pregnant (svb) | enceinte |
| *maaʈ | present (svb) | présent |
| *caga | prostitute | prostituée |
| *dal | prove (vb) | prouver |
| *(G/B)wos | pull (vb), remove (vb) | tirer, enlever |
| *kurup/feɲ | punch | coup de poing |
| *boor | pus; ripe (svb) | pus; être mûr |
| *D/Tʊɲ | push (vb) | pousser |
| *ɗis | push (vb), extract (vb), pull (vb) | enfoncer, arracher, tirer |
| *Kip | push (vb), turn over (vb); pour out (vb) | pousser; renverser; vider |
| *fus | pustule | pustule |
| *fut | pustule; bloom (vb) | pustule; fleurir |
| *ngowl | python | python |
| *deɓ | rain (vb; n) 1 | pleuvoir; pluie1 |
| *Toɓ | rain (vb; n) 2 | pleuvoir; pluie 2 |
| *Baal | rainbow | arc-en-ciel |
| *ndəg/ɓ? | rainy season | saison des pluies |
| *duɗ | raise (vb) | élever |
| *hwad/ɗ | reach (vb) | atteindre |
| *day/ƴ | reach (vb), stop (vb) | atteindre, (s’)arrêter |
| *sop | reclaim (soil) (vb) | défricher, becqueter |
| *(b)waj | reduce (vb), decrease (vb) | diminuer |
| *jank | refuse (vb) | refuser |
| *baɲ | refuse (vb); hate (vb) | refuser; détester |
| *(g)wuus/r | renounce (vb) | renoncer |
| *xemb | repair (vb) | réparer |
| *nand | resemble (vb) | ressembler |
| *xuuc | return (vb), come back (vb) | retourner, revenir |
| *(b)wec | rib, side | côte |
| *mal/ro | rice | riz |
| *jop/b | rice sp. | riz sp. |
| *mal | rich (svp); happiness | riche; bonheur |
| *few | right (svb) | droit |
| *laaɓ | rinse (vb) | rincer |
| *yal/n | ripe (svb) | mûr |
| *ɓel/nd | ripen (vb); cooked (svb) | mûrir; être cuit |
| *ɗat | road, path 1 | chemin |
| *mbedd | road, path 2 | route, chemin |
| *gas 2 | roar (vb) | mugir |
| *juɗ | roast (vb), grill (vb) | rôtir, griller |
| *hwuɗ/r | roast (vb), grill (vb) | rôtir, griller |
| *Pəmb | rock, mountain, obstacle | rocher, montagne, obstacle |
| *ɲap | roof (vb) | poser de toit |
| *daaɗ | root; vein; creeper; grass | racine; veine; liane; herbe; graminée |
| *mbeɗ | round; circle | rond; cercle |
| *jaj/ƴ | rub (vb), clean (vb) | frotter, nettoyer |
| *hwor-it | rub (vb), cure (vb) | frotter, curer |
| *Pool/re | rubber | caoutchouc |
| *dog | run (vb); trample on (vb) | courir, piétiner |
| *goyl? | rust | rouille |
| *(b)wiir | sail | voile |
| *daq | sap | sève |
| *goon | sap; tear | sève; larme |
| *Pɩɗ/r | sapling | gaule; gauler |
| *həs | save (vb) | (se) sauver |
| *buub/w | scan (vb), brush (vb) | balayer, balai |
| *g/ŋaj/ƴ | scar (vb), incise (vb) | scarifier, inciser |
| *sank | scatter (vb), lose (vb) | disperser, perdre |
| *gid | scold (vb), thunder (vb), threaten (vb) | gronder, tonner, menacer |
| *xoos | scrape (vb) | gratter, racler |
| *ɲaxaɲ | scratch (vb) | gratter |
| *ŋər | scratch (vb), claw (vb) | griffer |
| *(g)wog | scrub (vb) 1 | frotter 1 |
| *girg | scrub (vb) 2 | frotter 2 |
| *sooc | scrub (vb) 3 | frotter 3 |
| *fel-ox | search (vb) | chercher |
| *(G)Waɓ/b | seed | graine |
| *l/nul | send (vb) | envoyer |
| *xaƴ | separate (vb), divide (vb) | séparer, partager |
| *gen/ng | set (vb) | fixer |
| *ɲoʔ | sew (vb) | coudre |
| *mbel | shadow | ombre |
| *ɗVkw | shadow; shelter | ombre, abri |
| *(b)wis | shake (fingers) (vb); sprinkle (vb) | secouer (les doigts); asperger |
| *yenk | shake (vb) | secouer |
| *fiɗ | shake (vb), stir (vb) | secouer, remuer |
| *gace | shame | honte |
| *(b)well | sharp (svb) | tranchant |
| *lak/gg | sharpen (vb) | aiguiser |
| *xol | sheath | gaine, fourreau |
| *mbaal | sheep | mouton |
| *mum | shell (vb) | égrainer |
| *labw | shell, hull | cosse, coquille |
| *ɗel | shine (vb) | briller |
| *jal 2 | shine (vb), light (moon) (vb) | briller, éclairer (lune) |
| *mel- | shine (vb), sparkle (vb) | briller, étinceler |
| *D/Taɓ | short (svb) | court |
| *canɢ | shoulder blade, back (n) | omoplate, l’arrière |
| *ŋaax | shout sp. (vb) | crier sp. |
| *(B)Wan/ŋ | side | côté |
| *(b)wind/r | side, flank | côté, flanc |
| *gim | sing (vb) | chanter |
| *TenkV | sit on the ground (vb) | s’asseoir par terre |
| *sɛd/r | skillful, agile (svb) | habile, agile |
| *hut | skin (vb) 1 | écorcher, dépiauter |
| *seɓ | skin (vb) 2 | écorcher |
| *ɗool/r | skin; strip (vb) | peau, dépouiller |
| *yooy | skinny (svb) | maigre, décharné |
| *ɲʊʔ | slander (vb) | médire |
| *baɗ/nt | slap (vb) | gifler |
| *bukVnek/t | slave 1 | esclave1 |
| *kab/ɓ | slave 2 | esclave 2 |
| *xiris | slay (vb) | égorger |
| *ɗaan | sleep (vb) | dormir |
| *sVr | slip (vb) | glisser |
| *tayl/ɗ | slow, lazy (svb) | lent, paresseux |
| *mol | small (svb); foal | petit; poulain |
| *suul/r | smell (vb) | parfumer |
| *guur | smell (vb), mold (vb) | sentir, moisir, rancir |
| *Gʊʊrʊ | snake sp. (corn snake) | couleuvre |
| *hakw | snap (vb); pounce on food (vb) | happer; se jeter sur la nourriture |
| *ɗoof | snatch (vb) 1 | arracher 1 |
| *hwar | snatch (vb) 2 | arracher 2 |
| *ŋuy | sneer (hyena) (vb) | ricaner (hyène) |
| *fiip | sniff (vb) 1 | (se) moucher 1 |
| *ɲit | sniff (vb) 2 | (se) moucher 2 |
| *xəl/r | snore (vb) | ronfler |
| *xooƴ | soak (vb) | tremper |
| *l/neɓ | soft | mou, doux |
| *ɗok/ŋ? | soil sp. | terre argileuse |
| *lees | soil; sand | terre, sable |
| *hwɩr | solid (svb) | solide |
| *Kees | solid (svb), stiff (svb) | dur |
| *yeew | solitary, alone (svb) | solitaire, isolé |
| *pimpi | soot | suie |
| *ɓasi | sorghum | sorgho |
| *Ɂax/w | sow (vb); seed | semer; semence |
| *yax | speak (vb), entrust (vb) | parler, confier |
| *jamb | speak against (vb), accuse (vb) | parler contre, accuser |
| *Caas 2 | spindle | fuseau |
| *poroc/ƴ | spit (vb) 1 | cracher 1 |
| *Tuʈ | spit (vb) 2 | cracher 2 |
| *ɗaamb | spleen | rate |
| *Ɂees | split (vb), tear (vb) | fendre, déchirer |
| *kudu | spoon | cuillère |
| *liil | spread (to dry) (vb) | étendre (pour faire sécher) |
| *law/y | spread (vb) | (s’)étendre, se propager |
| *(G/B)woɲ | spread (vb), avoid (vb) | écarter, éviter |
| *laɲ | spread, disperse (vb) | étaler, étendre, disperser |
| *jɔl | sprout (vb) | germer |
| *naj/nj | squash | courge |
| *ɓiic | squeal (vb) | couiner |
| *sirɗ | squirt (vb) | jet de salive |
| *jaɗ | stall (vb) | caler |
| *daar | stand (vb), be up (vb) | debout |
| *xoor/d | star | étoile |
| *dVr | start (vb) | commencer, démarrer |
| *xes/jj | stay up (vb), spend the night (vb) | veiller, passer la nuit |
| *guɗ/jj | steal (vb); thief | voler, voleur |
| *Gat/d | sterile (svb) | stérile |
| *dʊf/bb | stick (vb), plant (vb) | enfoncer, planter |
| *loƴ/j | stick in the eye (vb) | enfoncer une chose dans l’œil |
| *ŋoɗ/dd | stingy (svb) | avare |
| *sis | stink (vb) | répandre une odeur forte |
| *yoŋ | stir (vb) | remuer |
| *hwong/kk | stop (wind, rain) (vb) | cesser (vent, pluie) |
| *ɓoor | strip (vb); pluck (vb) | dépouiller; effeuiller |
| *tumb- | Strychnos spinosa (fruit) | Strychnos spinosa (fruit) |
| *soox | stuff (vb), cram (vb) | boucher, bourrer |
| *ɗɔf/ɓ | stupid (svb) | stupide |
| *baɗ/yɁ | submit (vb) | soumettre |
| *mur | suck (vb) | sucer |
| *ɓuus/c | suck (vb), suckle (vb) | sucer, téter |
| *maf 2 | support (vb), take (vb) | soutenir, prendre |
| *ɓur | surpass (vb) | dépasser, surpasser |
| *diir | surpass (vb), overcome (vb) | surpasser, vaincre |
| *hebw | surround (vb), fence (vb) | entourer, clôturer |
| *joŋ/ng | suspend (vb) | suspendre |
| *ɗagg | suspend (vb); granary | suspendre, grenier |
| *ɗVd/ɗ | swallow (vb) 1 | avaler, dégloutir |
| *mʊd/ɗ | swallow (vb) 2 | avaler |
| *Tir | swell (vb) 1 | enfler 1 |
| *ƴ/Juɗ/l | swell (vb) 2 | enfler 2 |
| *(b)wɩl | swing (vb), balance (vb) 1 | balancer 1 |
| *Poot | syphilis | syphilis |
| *las/c | tail | queue |
| *xot/ƴ | take (vb) | prendre |
| *topat | take care of (vb) | (s’)occuper de, prendre soin de |
| *git | take off (vb) | enlever |
| *Peƴ/cc | take the bait (vb) | mordre à l’hameçon |
| *jɔɔɓ | Tamarisk | tamarinier |
| *sɔɔf/ɓɓ | tasteless (svb) | fade |
| *fVVr | tear (vb) | déchirer |
| *sir | tear into strips (vb) | déchirer en bandes |
| *max/ƴ | termite | termite |
| *Gan 1 | termite soldier | soldat de termite |
| *Teng/kk | thick (svb) | épais |
| *hwor 2 | thin (svb) | maigre |
| *yurɓ | thread (vb) | enfiler |
| *taʈi | three | trois |
| *(b)woq | throat | gorge |
| *Teɓ/p | throw (vb) | jeter, lancer |
| *bet/d | throw (vb), launch (vb) | lancer, jeter |
| *hwayx | throw down (vb); lose (vb) | jeter par terre, perdre |
| *feɗ/tt | tick | tique |
| *ɲell- | tickle (vb) | chatouiller |
| *hum | tie (vb) 1 | lier, attacher |
| *mir | tie (vb) 2 | ficeler, attacher |
| *tir | tie (vb) 3 | attacher, ficeler |
| *xit/ɗ | tight, narrow (svb) | serré, étroit |
| *gayw | tired (svb) 1 | fatigué 1 |
| *yaar | tired (svb) 2 | fatigué 2 |
| *faɓ | toad | crapaud, grenouille |
| *xande | today | aujourd’hui |
| *ɗe(le)m | tongue | langue |
| *ɲiɲ | tooth | dent |
| *jam | torch | torche |
| *xomb | tortoise | tortue |
| *mVm | touch (vb), feel (vb) | toucher, palper |
| *gir | tremble (vb) | trembler |
| *send | tremble (vb), shiver (vb) | trembler, frissonner (du froid) |
| *yɛr-n | trough | abreuvoir |
| *hool-ox | trust (vb) | avoir confiance |
| *hwor 1 | try (vb) | essayer, tenter |
| *(g)wur | turn (vb), drill (vb) | tourner, percer |
| *siwd | twin | jumeau |
| *(g)wir | twirl (vb), go around (vb) | tournailler, tourner au rond |
| *ɗi | two | deux |
| *bajj | unique (svb); only child | unique; enfant unique |
| *Caɲ-it | untangle (vb), untwist (vb) | demêler, détordre |
| *sed/ll | urinate (vb) | uriner |
| *muur/nd | veil (vb), cover (vb) | voiler, couvrir |
| *Coy | very (red) | très (rouge) |
| *laalo | viscious sauce | liant sauce |
| *duʈ | vulture | vautour |
| *muɲ | wait (vb) | patienter |
| *ɲaaƴ | walk (vb) | marcher, se promener |
| *jaf/ɓ | walk (vb); foot plant | marcher, marche, plante de pied |
| *dag/jj | walk sp. (vb) | marcher fièrement |
| *bVg | want (vb), love (vb) | vouloir, aimer |
| *ƴVg? | wave | vague |
| *sanj | weave (vb), braid (vb) | tisser, tresser |
| *ɓurg | weed (vb) | sarcler |
| *gurb | weed (vb), reclaim (vb) | sarcler, défricher |
| *tedd | weighty, important, honored (svb) | pésant, important, honoré |
| *guyɓ/b | wet (svb) | mouiller |
| *Ban | when? | quand? |
| *paxt | whip | cravache |
| *Qɔrɔn- | whiskers | favoris |
| *(g)wuuƴ | whistle (vb) | siffler |
| *D/Tan | white (svb) | blanc |
| *berekw | wild watermelon | pastèque sauvage |
| *xeɲ/n | wind; odor | vent, odeur |
| *bes | winnow (vb) 1 | vanner 1 |
| *jeer | winnow (vb) 2 | vanner 2 |
| *ɓiir | wipe (vb) | essuyer |
| *moos | wipe (vb), massage (vb), caress (vb) | essuyer, masser, caresser |
| *ɗaay | wither (vb); wildfire | (se) flétrir; incendie des herbes |
| *D/Tew | woman | femme |
| *(g)wuɗ | wormy (svb) | vermoulu |
| *ɲud/ɗ | wrinkle, crease | ride |
| *bind | write (vb), trace (vb) | écrire, tracer |
| *xaq | wrongly accuse (vb), slander (vb) | accuser; injuste |
| *gaam | yawn (vb) 1 | bâiller 1 |
| *y/ŋaaɓ | yawn (vb) 2 | bâiller 2 |
| *hiiʈ | year | année |
| *hwa(n)kV | yesterday | hier |
References[edit]
- Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2022. Proto-Fula–Sereer: Lexicon, morphophonology, and noun classes. (Niger-Congo Comparative Studies 3). Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5820515