Appendix:Proto-Nupoid reconstructions
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The following lists of Proto-Nupoid reconstructions are from Bankale (2006) and Blench (2013).
Bankale (2006)[edit]
Proto-Nupoid and Proto-Ebiroid reconstructions from Bankale (2006: 354-361):[1]
| Gloss | Proto-Nupoid | Proto-Ebiroid |
|---|---|---|
| ashes | *V-tuNu | *a-tɪtɔ |
| ask | *gbigɔN | *fusetʃe |
| axe | *CV-gbakuN | *ɪra-ga |
| bag | *a-mpo | |
| bat | *arɪ-ga | |
| beans | *V-zʊ | *ɛ-za |
| beat (person) | *lhu | *tu |
| beat (drum) | *nc | *fu |
| bee | *phu | *ɛ-fʊ |
| beer/wine | *e-ce | *e-ʧe |
| belly (stomach) | *ɪ-nɛ | |
| bird | *CV-luki | *i-nomi |
| bite | *dʒɪrɛrʊ | |
| black | *o-zi | *dʒiko |
| blood | *V-giə | *aɲa |
| blow (with mouth) | *gbhiə | *kʊahɪ |
| blow (of wind) | *tiə | *tʊ |
| boat (canoe) | *e-ja | *ɛ-kpa |
| body | *nɔkɔ | *ɛ-ŋʷʊ |
| bone | *CV-kiukuNu | *ʧʊku |
| break (stick) | *ʧe | |
| break (pot/calabash) | *ɓa | *tiaka |
| breast(s) | *rɪ-ɓe | *ɪrɛ-ba |
| buffalo | *ə-ja | *ɛ-ja |
| burn tr. | *diuNa | *rɪra |
| buy | *si | *ʃi |
| call v. | *ji | *ʃɪ |
| catch | *wɔNa | *za |
| charcoal | *(e)-zuN | *a-remi |
| chicken (domestic fowl) | *pitie | *V-ʃɪʊɛ |
| climb | *gʊNʊ | *ʃirɛ |
| cold v. | *V-fuefu | |
| come | *ɓe | *bɛ |
| cook | *du | *fʊ |
| corpse | *V-ku | *o-ku |
| cotton/thread | *lhuN | *o-wu |
| count | *ba | *ka |
| cover (a pot) | *kpe | *kuoku |
| crab | *ka(ra)pu | *V-kakara |
| crocodile | *a-gʊgʊ | |
| dance v. | *jiəN | *ɲɛɲɛ |
| descend | *ci | *tʃi |
| desire (want) | *wa | *si |
| die | *tiu | *su |
| dig | *gba | *gba |
| divide/share out | *giəNa | *ga |
| dog | *ire-zi | |
| donkey | *kɛ́tɛ́kɛ́tɛ́ | |
| dream | *nana | *rʊra |
| drink | *phiNi | *fu |
| dry | *kawiə | *ɔ-wɛ |
| dust | *e-bhu | *e-dudu |
| ear | *CV-tuNukpua | *ʊ-tɔkpa |
| eat | *gi | *rɪ |
| egg | *CV-ziə | *a-dʒɛ |
| elephant | *CV-dagba | *ɔ-dɔgba |
| extinguish | *nuN | *mi |
| eye | *e-wie | *e-ji |
| fall v. | *sɛdʊ | |
| farm | *ɪra-rɛ | |
| father | *V-da | *a-da |
| feces | *CV-biNi | *e-mi |
| fear n. | *ə-diəNsu | *a-ŋwaʃɪ |
| fear v. | *dəNa | *a-ŋʷaʃɪ |
| female | *jiNko | *ɔ-ɲɛnɛ |
| fetish | *kuti | *ɪra-fɪɔnɔ |
| fifty | *ɛ-barɛʊ | |
| finish | *zo | *ta |
| fire | *ə-na | *ɪ-ra |
| firewood | *cigbəN | *ɔ-kʊ |
| fish | *V-jiəkɔN | *iseɲi |
| five | *CV-tiuNu | *ɛ-ʃɪ |
| fly | *fʊ | *ʃɪra |
| food | *ɪ-sɔrɪ | *e-die |
| four | *gi-niə | *ɛ-na |
| friend | *ɔ-ta | |
| fry | *kana | *wara |
| full | *tse | *V-ʃi |
| give | *giə | *sɪ |
| give birth | *mə | *ma |
| go v. | *lo | *na |
| goat | *ə-na (gi) | *ɛ-bʊ |
| god | *siəkəji | *ɪ-ʃɪnɛgba |
| good | *gbhiə | *-zoza |
| grass | *e-gbhə | *a-bɪ |
| grind | *go | *kʊ |
| grinding stone | *a-takuN | *ire-tɔkʊ |
| ground | *V-kiNi | *ɛ-tɛ |
| groundnut | *guzija | *V-kusije |
| guest (stranger) | *ɔ-zɔga | |
| guinea corn | *V-wiji | *a-kʊ |
| hair | *V-tiɲi | *ɛ-jɪ |
| hand | *CV-gbhʊɔ | *ʊ-bɔ |
| head | *CV-tiuko | *ɪrɛ-sʊ |
| hear | *wʊ | *wʊ |
| horse | *V-doko | *V-baNta |
| hot (as fire) | *-niəN | *ŋʷʊra |
| house | piN | *ire-ʃi |
| house fly | *CV-ziNi | *i-si- |
| hunger | *mɛNdɛN | *ʊ-ŋʊɛ |
| hunter | *nc | *o-(zu)gbe |
| husband | *V-ba | *ɔ-ba |
| in-law | *je | *ɔ-jɛ |
| iron | *jɔNkpa | *ɔ-ɲisɛ |
| jump | *fu | *dʒi |
| kill | *wu | *wʊ |
| king/chief | *o-tiu | *o-ʃɪnɔjɪ |
| knife | *ə-biə | *ʊ-fʊɔ |
| know | *kpe | *jɛ |
| kola nut | *e-bi | *ɪrɛ-bʊ |
| laugh v. | *mətiəN | *ɲɪ |
| leaf | *CV-fiNit- | *a-bɪ |
| learn | *kpe | *kɔsɛ |
| left (side) | *-gbhʊɔpiNi | *u-bɔfa |
| leg | *pitiə | *a-fu |
| leopard | *nəNkpiəN | *ɛ-zʊ |
| lie down | *le | *sʊtʊ |
| to like | *je | *sire |
| look for | *wiə | *si |
| long | *wuNakpa | *ɔ-gɔdɔ |
| maize | *kaba | *a-kpa(kpa) |
| make | *gi | *mɛ |
| man | *baghi | *ɔ-nɔrʊ |
| market | *CV-giəNiko | *o-fu |
| matchet | *CV-da | *tokofi |
| meat | *u-je | |
| medicine/charm | *cigbe | *ɪra-fɔnɔ |
| monkey | *ə-kana | *ɔ-ntʃɛrɛ |
| moon | *ə-pɪə | *ʊ-hʷɛ |
| mortar | *i-ne | |
| mountain | *a-taba | |
| name | *CV-jɛ | *ɪrɛ-ʃa |
| navel | *CV-kə | *ɪra-dʒɛ |
| neck | *ɔ-gbɛ | |
| needle | *V-kini | *ɔ-rɪhɪ |
| new | *wo | *ɔ-wɔwɔ |
| night | *ɪra-fʊ | |
| nose | *V-bhʊə | *a-ʃɪ |
| oil | *ə-mɪ | *a-ŋʷɛ |
| okra | *ə-kpɔNi | *ɛ-kpɛfu |
| one | *CV-nhi | *ɔ-ɲi, ɔ-ɲa |
| pass by | *gogɔN | *pa(ra)fu |
| pepper | *(a)-jakpa | *a-kpɔkɔ |
| person | *ə-za | *ɔ-za |
| plait (chair) | *tsiNi | *za |
| pound | *tiu | *tu |
| pull | *tʊra | |
| push | *tiu | *tuʊvɔ |
| rainy season | *zuN | *ɪrɛ-sʊ |
| red | *o-vivi | |
| refuse | *nabho | *ji |
| return | *zi | *mɛ |
| remember | *pa | *tamajɪ |
| right (side) | *-gɓɔ- | *ʊ-bɔrɪ |
| roast | *po | *fʊ |
| robe (gown), man’s smock | *V-wu | *a-rʊɔbaɲi |
| root | *CV-gbəgbə | *ɛ-kpa |
| rope | *e-gbhɔ | *o-rukpa |
| be rotten | *a-buo | *bʊ |
| rubbish heap | *tuNu | *ire-tu |
| run | *gbhiti | *zuetʃi |
| saliva | *minikini | *a-tɛ |
| salt | *V-səN | *a-nɔ |
| say (something) | *giə | *karɛ |
| send | *tuNu | *tʊ |
| sea | *ire-fu | |
| seed | *V-tʊtʊ | |
| sell | *kuNu | *na |
| sew | *kiN | *gɛ |
| shoe | *CV-dabua | *ɪ-dava |
| shoot | *tsie | *ʧe |
| sing | *ko+ani | *dʒi |
| sit down | *fedu | *jatʊ |
| skin | *ə-pa | *u-kpa |
| sleep | *lhelhe | *sʊara |
| small | *ɓiɓi | *kiiki |
| smoke | *V-nɔwu | *are-ji |
| snail | *V-kpa | *-kɔkɔrɪ |
| snake | *CV-wa | *ɛ-wu |
| song | *ə-niəN | *a-ʃɛ |
| soup | *e-niəN | *ɛ-kpɛ |
| sow (seeds in holes) | *ʧire | |
| steal | *wi | *ji |
| stick | *cigbiə | *ɔ-tʃɪ |
| stone | *o-kuta | *ɪrɛ-ta |
| strong | *gbhokana | *ʊ-kata |
| sun/sunshine | *ji | *ɔ-jɪ |
| surpass | *gɔN | *fʊna |
| swallow | *miNi | *mʊnɛ |
| swell (of boil) | *wu | |
| sweep | *fiN- | *ʃi |
| sweet | *mɔNʊ | *ʃine |
| tail | *tiəNtiə | *o-mu |
| take (one thing) | *la | *sɪ |
| ten | *CV-wo | *ɛ-wʊ |
| thigh | *gbʊodɪNko | *u-siji |
| thing | *V-jɔN | *ɪ-sa |
| thirty | *o-furɛwʊ | |
| thorn | *ə-kiə | *i-kehi |
| three | *gu-ta | *ɛ-ta |
| throw | *cie | *ne |
| tie | *pa | *sʊ |
| tongue | *a-giNtara | *ɪra-rɛ |
| tooth | *jiNkɔN | *a-ɲɪ |
| touch (with hand) | *lagɓato | *(yubɔ) kani |
| town | *ə-zi | *ɪrɛ-kʊra |
| tree | *V-cigbɔNa | *ɔ-tʃɪ |
| twenty | *e-tsi | *o-fu |
| two | *gu-ba | *e-ba |
| untie | *lə | *ŋʷa |
| vomit | *tu | *huɛrɛ |
| vulture | *(V)-gulu | *u-gba |
| walk | *diəziəN | *zʊsɛ |
| wash (things) | *nɪna | |
| water | *nuNŋʷa | *e-ɲi |
| water pot | *diukhuN | *ɪ-nɔkɔ |
| weave v. | *lu | *ʃɪ |
| wet | *da | *o-fuɛfu |
| white | *bʊ | *ɔ-bʊ |
| wife | *jiNi | *ʊ-sɪ |
| wind | *-phe | *a-ʃe |
| wine/beer (general word) | *ə-die | *e-tʃe |
| woman | *jiNiko | *ɔɲɛnɛ |
| word | *CV-kɔ | *ɪrɛ-jɪ |
| work n. | *e-tuNu | *-kɔrɔ |
| wring (clothes) | *pɪə | *kama |
| yam | *V-ti | *ɛ-nʊ |
| year | *ə-ja | *ɪra-je |
Blench (2013)[edit]
The following Proto-Nupoid reconstructions are from Blench (2013).[2]
| Gloss | Proto-Nupoid |
|---|---|
| tree | *ɔ́ʧĩ́ |
| leaf | #avini |
| charcoal | *ekana |
| sand | *mu-ʒin |
| smoke | *àmʷú |
| fire | *n-ra |
| wind | *efè |
| rain | *ègbã |
| to sharpen | *rɛ́ |
| elephant | *-dogba |
| buffalo | *ɛ̀ya; *ʊ̀-fá (?) |
| Dioscorea guineensis | *iti |
| Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam) | *-koko |
| Sorghum bicolor (guinea corn, sorghum) | *àkwʊ́ |
| one | *ɔ̀ɲɪ |
| three | *ɛ̀tá |
| four | *ɛ̀ɲi |
| five | *ɛ̀tsun |
| six | *twaɲi |
| seven | *ǹtwaba |
| ten | *ɛ̀bwʊ́n |
Some Proto-Nupe-Gbari crop name reconstructions are (Blench 2013):
| Gloss | Proto-Nupe-Gbari |
|---|---|
| Pennisetum americanum (long-season millet) | *màkwú |
| Pennisetum americanum (short-season millet) | *sàkwú; *kpàyì |
| Digitaria exilis | *-furu |
References[edit]
- ^ Bankale, Oyetayo Abiodun. 2006. Comparative Ebiroid and Nupoid. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2013. The Nupoid languages of west-central Nigeria: overview and comparative word list.