Appendix:Polish Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in English and Polish.

Presentation

At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

List

No.	English	Polish polski	IPA pronunciation
1	I	ja *	[ja]
2	you (singular)	ty *, pan/pani (formal)	[t̪ɨ], [pãn̪]
3	he	on *	[ɔ̃n̪]
4	we	my *	[mɨ]
5	you (plural)	wy *, państwo (formal)	[vɨ], [ˈpãĩ̯s̪t̪fɔ]
6	they	oni *	[ˈɔ̃ɲi]
7	this	to	[t̪ɔ]
8	that	tamto	[ˈt̪ãmt̪ɔ]
9	here	tu	[t̪u]
10	there	tam	[t̪ãm]
11	who	kto	[kt̪ɔ]
12	what	co	[t͡s̪ɔ]
13	where	gdzie	[ɟd͡ʑɛ]
14	when	kiedy	[ˈcɛd̪ɨ]
15	how	jak	[jak]
16	not	nie	[ɲɛ]
17	all	wszystko	[ˈfʂɨs̪t̪kɔ]
18	many	dużo, wiele	[ˈd̪uʐɔ]
19	some	kilka	[ˈcilka]
20	few	mało	[ˈmawɔ]
21	other	inny	[ˈĩn̪ːɨ]
22	one	jeden	[ˈjɛd̪ɛ̃n̪]
23	two	dwa	[d̪va]
24	three	trzy	[t͡ʂʂɨ]
25	four	cztery	[ˈt͡ʂt̪ɛrɨ]
26	five	pięć	[pʲjɛ̝̃ɲt͡ɕ]
27	big	wielki	[ˈvʲjɛlci]
28	long	długi	[ˈd̪wuɟi]
29	wide	szeroki	[ˈʂɛrɔci]
30	thick	gęsty	[ˈɡɛ̃w̃s̪t̪ɨ]
31	heavy	ciężki	[ˈt͡ɕɛ̃w̃ʂci]
32	small	mały	[ˈmawɨ]
33	short	krótki	[ˈkrut̪ci]
34	narrow	wąski	[ˈvɔ̃w̃s̪ʲci]
35	thin	cienki	[ˈt͡ɕɛ̃ŋʲci]
36	woman	kobieta	[kɔˈbʲjɛt̪a]
37	man (male)	mężczyzna	[mɛ̃w̃ˈʂt͡ʂɨz̪n̪a]
38	man (human)	człowiek	[ˈt͡ʂwɔvʲjɛk]
39	child	dziecko	[ˈd͡ʑɛt͡s̪kɔ]
40	wife	żona	[ˈʐɔ̃n̪a]
41	husband	mąż	[mɔ̃w̃ʂ]
42	mother	matka	[ˈmat̪ka]
43	father	ojciec	[ˈɔjt͡ɕɛt͡s̪]
44	animal	zwierzę	[ˈz̪vʲjɛʐɛ]
45	fish	ryba	[ˈrɨba]
46	bird	ptak	[pt̪ak]
47	dog	pies	[pʲjɛs̪]
48	louse	wesz	[vɛʂ]
49	snake	wąż	[vɔ̃w̃ʂ]
50	worm	robak	[ˈrɔbak]
51	tree	drzewo	[ˈd͡ʐʐɛvɔ]
52	forest	las	[las̪]
53	stick	laska	[ˈlas̪ka]
54	fruit	owoc	[ˈɔvɔt͡s̪]
55	seed	ziarno	[ˈʑarn̪ɔ]
56	leaf	liść	[lʲiɕt͡ɕ]
57	root	korzeń	[ˈkɔʐɛ̃ɲ]
58	bark (of a tree)	kora	[ˈkɔra]
59	flower	kwiat	[kfʲjat̪]
60	grass	trawa	[ˈt̪rava]
61	rope	sznur	[ʂn̪ur]
62	skin	skóra	[ˈs̪kura]
63	meat	mięso	[ˈmʲjɛ̃w̃s̪ɔ]
64	blood	krew	[krɛf]
65	bone	kość	[kɔɕt͡ɕ]
66	fat (noun)	tłuszcz	[t̪wuʂt͡ʂ]
67	egg	jajko	[ˈjajkɔ]
68	horn	róg	[ruk]
69	tail	ogon	[ˈɔɡɔ̃n̪]
70	feather	pióro	[ˈpʲjurɔ]
71	hair	włosy	[ˈvwɔs̪ɨ]
72	head	głowa	[ˈɡwɔva]
73	ear	ucho	[ˈuxɔ]
74	eye	oko	[ˈɔkɔ]
75	nose	nos	[n̪ɔs]
76	mouth	usta (plural only)	[ˈus̪t̪a]
77	tooth	ząb	[z̪ɔ̃mp]
78	tongue	język	[ˈjɛ̃w̃z̪ɨk]
79	fingernail	paznokieć	[paˈz̪n̪ɔcɛ̝t͡ɕ]
80	foot	stopa	[ˈs̪t̪ɔpa]
81	leg	noga	[ˈnɔɡa]
82	knee	kolano	[kɔˈlãn̪ɔ]
83	hand	ręka	[ˈrɛ̃ŋka]
84	wing	skrzydło	[ˈs̪kʂɨd̪wɔ]
85	belly	brzuch	[bʐux]
86	guts	wnętrzności (plural only)	[vn̪ɛ̃nt͡ʂˈn̪ɔɕt͡ɕi]
87	neck	szyja	[ˈʂɨja]
88	back	plecy (plural only)	[plɛt͡s̪ɨ]
89	breast	pierś	[pʲjɛrʲɕ]
90	heart	serce	[ˈs̪ɛrt͡s̪ɛ]
91	liver	wątroba	[vɔ̃n̪ˈt̪rɔba]
92	to drink	pić	[pʲit͡ɕ]
93	to eat	jeść	[jɛɕt͡ɕ]
94	to bite	gryźć	[ɡrɨɕt͡ɕ]
95	to suck	ssać	[s̪ːat͡ɕ]
96	to spit	pluć	[plut͡ɕ]
97	to vomit	wymiotować	[vɨmʲjɔˈt̪ɔvat͡ɕ]
98	to blow	dmuchać	[ˈd̪muxat͡ɕ]
99	to breathe	oddychać	[ɔd̪ˈd̪ɨxat͡ɕ]
100	to laugh	śmiać się	[ɕmʲjɐt͡ɕɕɛ]
101	to see	widzieć	[ˈvʲid͡ʑɛ̝t͡ɕ]
102	to hear	słyszeć	[ˈs̪wɨʂɛt͡ɕ]
103	to know	wiedzieć	[ˈvʲjɛ̝d͡ʑɛ̝t͡ɕ]
104	to think	myśleć	[ˈmɨɕlɛt͡ɕ]
105	to smell	czuć	[t͡ʂut͡ɕ]
106	to fear	bać się	[ˈbat͡ɕɕɛ]
107	to sleep	spać	[s̪pat͡ɕ]
108	to live	żyć	[ʐɨt͡ɕ]
109	to die	umierać	[ũˈmʲjɛrat͡ɕ]
110	to kill	zabijać	[ˈz̪abʲit͡ɕ]
111	to fight	walczyć	[ˈvalt͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
112	to hunt	polować	[pɔˈlɔvat͡ɕ]
113	to hit	uderzać	[uˈd̪ɛʐat͡ɕ]
114	to cut	ciąć	[t͡ɕɔ̃ɲt͡ɕ]
115	to split	rąbać	[ˈrɔ̃mbat͡ɕ]
116	to stab	pchnąć nożem	[pxn̪ɔ̃ɲt͡ɕ ˈn̪ɔʐɛ̃m]
117	to scratch	drapać	[ˈd̪rapat͡ɕ]
118	to dig	kopać	[ˈkɔpat͡ɕ]
119	to swim	pływać	[ˈpwɨvat͡ɕ]
120	to fly	latać	[ˈlat̪at͡ɕ]
121	to walk	iść	[iɕt͡ɕ]
122	to come	przychodzić	[pʂɨˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ]
123	to lie (as in a bed)	leżeć (action)	[ˈlɛʐɛt͡ɕ]
124	to sit	siadać (action)	[ˈɕad̪at͡ɕ]
125	to stand	wstawać (action)	[ˈfs̪t̪avat͡ɕ]
126	to turn (intransitive)	obracać się	[ɔˈbrat͡s̪at͡ɕɕɛ]
127	to fall	padać	[ˈpad̪at͡ɕ]
128	to give	dawać	[ˈd̪avat͡ɕ]
129	to hold	trzymać	[ˈt͡ʂʂɨ̃mat͡ɕ]
130	to squeeze	ściskać	[ˈɕt͡ɕis̪kat͡ɕ]
131	to rub	trzeć	[t͡ʂʂɛt͡ɕ]
132	to wash	myć	[mɨt͡ɕ]
133	to wipe	wycierać	[vɨˈt͡ɕɛrat͡ɕ]
134	to pull	ciągnąć	[ˈt͡ɕɔ̃ŋɡn̪ɔ̃ɲt͡ɕ]
135	to push	pchać	[pxat͡ɕ]
136	to throw	rzucać	[ˈʐut͡s̪at͡ɕ]
137	to tie	wiązać	[ˈvʲjɔ̃w̃z̪at͡ɕ]
138	to sew	szyć	[ʂɨt͡ɕ]
139	to count	liczyć	[ˈlʲit͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
140	to say	mówić	[ˈmuvʲit͡ɕ]
141	to sing	śpiewać	[ˈɕpʲjɛvat͡ɕ]
142	to play	grać	[ɡrat͡ɕ]
143	to float	pływać	[ˈpwɨvat͡ɕ]
144	to flow	płynąć	[ˈpwɨ̃n̪ɔ̃ɲt͡ɕ]
145	to freeze	marznąć	[ˈmarz̪n̪ɔ̃ɲt͡ɕ]
146	to swell	pęcznieć	[ˈpɛ̃nt͡ʂɲɛ̝t͡ɕ]
147	sun	słońce	[ˈs̪wɔ̃ĩ̯n̪t͡s̪ɛ]
148	moon	księżyc	[ˈcɕɛ̃w̃ʐɨt͡s̪]
149	star	gwiazda	[ˈɡvʲjaz̪d̪a]
150	water	woda	[ˈvɔd̪a]
151	rain	deszcz	[d̪ɛʂt͡ʂ]
152	river	rzeka	[ˈʐɛka]
153	lake	jezioro	[jɛˈʑɔrɔ]
154	sea	morze	[ˈmɔʐɛ]
155	salt	sól	[s̪ul]
156	stone	kamień	[ˈkãmʲjɛ̝̃ɲ]
157	sand	piasek	[ˈpʲjas̪ɛk]
158	dust	kurz	[kuʂ]
159	earth	ziemia	[ˈʑɛ̃mʲja]
160	cloud	chmura	[ˈxmura]
161	fog	mgła	[mɡwa]
162	sky	niebo	[ˈɲɛbɔ]
163	wind	wiatr	[vʲjat̪r̥]
164	snow	śnieg	[ɕɲɛk]
165	ice	lód	[lut̪]
166	smoke	dym	[d̪ɨ̃m]
167	fire	ogień	[ˈɔɟɛ̝̃ɲ]
168	ash	popiół	[ˈpɔpʲjuw]
169	to burn	palić się	[ˈpalʲit͡ɕɕɛ]
170	road	droga	[ˈd̪rɔɡa]
171	mountain	góra	[ˈɡura]
172	red	czerwony	[t͡ʂɛrˈvɔ̃n̪ɨ]
173	green	zielony	[ʑɛˈlɔ̃n̪ɨ]
174	yellow	żółty	[ˈʐuwt̪ɨ]
175	white	biały	[ˈbʲjawɨ]
176	black	czarny	[ˈt͡ʂarn̪ɨ]
177	night	noc	[n̪ɔt͡s̪]
178	day	dzień	[d͡ʑɛ̝̃ɲ]
179	year	rok	[rɔk]
180	warm	ciepło	[ˈt͡ɕɛpwɔ]
181	cold	zimno	[ˈʑĩmn̪ɔ]
182	full	pełny	[ˈpɛwn̪ɨ]
183	new	nowy	[ˈn̪ɔvɨ]
184	old	stary	[ˈs̪t̪arɨ]
185	good	dobry	[ˈd̪ɔbrɨ]
186	bad	zły	[z̪wɨ]
187	rotten	zgniły	[ˈz̪ɡɲiwɨ]
188	dirty	brudny	[ˈbrud̪n̪ɨ]
189	straight	prosty	[ˈprɔs̪t̪ɨ]
190	round	okrągły	[ɔˈkrɔ̃ŋɡwɨ]
191	sharp (as a knife)	ostry	[ˈɔs̪t̪rɨ]
192	dull (as a knife)	tępy	[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpɨ]
193	smooth	gładki	[ˈɡwat̪ʲci]
194	wet	mokry	[ˈmɔkrɨ]
195	dry	suchy	[ˈs̪uxɨ]
196	correct	poprawny, prawidłowy	[pɔˈpravn̪ɨ]
197	near	blisko	[ˈblʲis̪kɔ]
198	far	daleko	[d̪aˈlɛkɔ]
199	right	prawy	[ˈpravɨ]
200	left	lewy	[ˈlɛvɨ]
201	at	przy, w, na	[pʂɨ], [v], [n̪a]
202	in	w	[v]
203	with	z	[z̪]
204	and	i	[i]
205	if	jeśli, jeżeli	[ˈjɛɕlʲi], [jɛˈʐɛlʲi]
206	because	bo	[bɔ]
207	name	imię	[ˈimʲjɛ]

* the personal pronouns are frequently omitted

• Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

• verbs : infinitive
• other words : masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

Bibliography

• Dictionnaire de poche français-polonais / polonais-français, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 2004 - ISBN 83-214-0938-5
• Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6

External links

• Liste Swadesh du polonais on the French Wikipedia.fr.Wikipedia:Liste Swadesh du polonais

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Afrikaans – Albanian – Antillean Creole – Arabic (standard) (p), Egyptian Arabic (p), Palestinian Arabic (p), Tunisian Arabic (t) – Armenian (t,p) – Aromanian – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Breton – Bulgarian (t) – Burmese (t,p) – Catalan – Chechen – Chinese: Cantonese, Gan (p), Mandarin (t,p), Min Nan (Amoy) (p), Old Chinese (p) – Croatian – Czech – Danish – Dutch (p) – Egyptian (Middle)  – Esperanto – Estonian – Finnish – Fiji Hindi – Fijian – French (p) – Frisian (West) – Friulian – Georgian (t,p) – German (p) – Greek (modern) (p), Greek (ancient) – Guaraní – Haida – Haitian Creole – Hausa – Hawaiian – Hindi (t) – Hittite – Hmong (White) (p) – Hungarian – Icelandic – Indonesian – Irish (p) – Istro-Romanian – Italian (p) – Japanese (t) – Kashubian – Khmer (p) – Korean (t) – Kurdish – Latin – Latvian – Lingala – Lingua Franca Nova – Lithuanian – Luwian – Macedonian (t) – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Megleno-Romanian – Mongolian (t) – Old Portuguese (p) – Ossetian (p) – Polish (p) – Portuguese (p) – Proto-Indo-European – Purepecha – Quechua – Romani – Romanian – Russian (p) – Sanskrit (t) – Scottish Gaelic – Serbo-Croatian – Sinhalese – Slovenian – Spanish (p) – Sranan – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tajik (t) – Tahitian – Thai (t) – Tocharian B – Tok Pisin – Turkish – Ukrainian – Vietnamese – Walloon – Zulu
Language families and family branches
Afro-Asiatic – Algonquian – Altaic – Araucanian – Austro-Asiatic – Australian – Austronesian – Baltic-Finnic – Bantu – Celtic – Dené–Yeniseian – Dravidian – Finno-Ugric – Frisian – Germanic – Hokan – Iberian – Italian – Indo-Iranian – Indo-Iranian (extended) – Mayan – Muskogean – Niger–Congo – Oto-Manguean – Paleosiberian – Penutian – Romance – Sino-Tibetan – Slavic – Siouan – Tai–Kadai – Tibeto-Burman – Tupi–Guarani – Turkic – Uto-Aztecan
The list may also include: (t) the transcription in Latin characters; (p) the phonetic transcription