Appendix:Polish Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in English and Polish.

Contents

[edit] Presentation

For further information, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list

A Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language to varying degreees. Various versions have been created, in particular:

  • a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
  • a reduced 100 words version.

Some versions are more reliable than others in terms of the universality of concurrence between the words' meanings.

This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikitravel lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetic basis.

[edit] List

No. English Polish
polski		 IPA
pronunciation
1 I ja * [ja]
2 you (singular) ty *, Pan/Pani (formal) [tɨ], [pan]
3 he on * [ɔn]
4 we my * [mɨ]
5 you (plural) wy *, Państwo (formal) [vɨ], [ˈpaɲstfɔ]
6 they oni * [ˈɔni]
7 this to [tɔ]
8 that tamto [ˈtamtɔ]
9 here tu [tu]
10 there tam [tam]
11 who kto [ktɔ]
12 what co [ʦɔ]
13 where gdzie [ɡdzʲɛ]
14 when kiedy [ˈkʲɛdɨ]
15 how jak [jak]
16 not nie [ɲɛ]
17 all każdy [ˈkaʒdɨ]
18 many dużo, wiele [ˈduʒɔ]
19 some kilka [ˈkʲilka]
20 few mało [ˈmawɔ]
21 other drugi [ˈdruɡi]
22 one jeden [ˈjɛdɛn]
23 two dwa [dva]
24 three trzy [tʃɨ]
25 four cztery [ˈʧtɛrɨ]
26 five pięć [pʲɛ̃tɕ]
27 big wielki [ˈvʲɛlkʲi]
28 long długi [ˈdwuɡi]
29 wide szeroki [ʃɛˈrɔki]
30 thick gęsty [ˈɡɛ̃stɨ]
31 heavy ciężki [ˈʨɛ̃ʃki]
32 small mały [ˈmawɨ]
33 short krótki [ˈkrutkʲi]
34 narrow wąski [ˈvɔ̃ski]
35 thin cienki [ˈʨɛ̃nkʲi]
36 woman kobieta [kɔˈbʲɛta]
37 man (male) mężczyzna [mɛ̃ˈʃʧɨzna]
38 man (human) człowiek [ˈʧwɔvʲɛk]
39 child dziecko [ˈʥɛʦkɔ]
40 wife żona, małżonka [ˈʒɔna], [mawˈʒɔnka]
41 husband mąż, małżonek [ˈmɔ̃ʒ], [mawˈʒɔnɛk]
42 mother matka [ˈmatka]
43 father ojciec [ˈɔjʨɛʦ]
44 animal zwierzę [ˈzvʲɛʒɛ̃]
45 fish ryba [rˈɨba]
46 bird ptak [ptak]
47 dog pies [pʲɛs]
48 louse wesz [vˈɛʃ]
49 snake wąż [vɔ̃ʒ]
50 worm robak [ˈrɔbak]
51 tree drzewo [ˈdʒɛvɔ]
52 forest las [las]
53 stick kijek [ˈlaska]
54 fruit owoc [ˈɔvɔʦ]
55 seed ziarno [ˈʑarnɔ]
56 leaf liść [ʎiɕʨ]
57 root korzeń [ˈkɔʒɛɲ]
58 bark (of a tree) kora [ˈkɔra]
59 flower kwiat [kfʲat]
60 grass trawa [ˈtrava]
61 rope sznur [ʃnur]
62 skin skóra [ˈskura]
63 meat mięso [ˈmʲɛ̃sɔ]
64 blood krew [krɛf]
65 bone kość [kɔɕʨ]
66 fat (noun) tłuszcz [twuʃʧ]
67 egg jajko [ˈjajkɔ]
68 horn róg [ruk]
69 tail ogon [ˈɔɡɔn]
70 feather pióro [ˈpʲurɔ]
71 hair włos [vwɔs]
72 head głowa [ˈɡwɔva]
73 ear ucho [ˈuxɔ]
74 eye oko [ˈɔkɔ]
75 nose nos [nɔs]
76 mouth usta (plural only) [ˈusta]
77 tooth ząb [zɔ̃p]
78 tongue język [ˈjɛ̃zɨk]
79 fingernail paznokieć [paˈznɔkʲɛʨ]
80 foot stopa [ˈstɔpa]
81 leg noga [ˈnɔɡa]
82 knee kolano [kɔˈlanɔ]
83 hand ręka [ˈrɛ̃ka]
84 wing skrzydło [ˈskʃɨdwɔ]
85 belly brzuch [bʒux]
86 guts wnętrzności (plural only) [vnɛ̃ˈʧnɔɕʨi]
87 neck szyja [ʃɨja]
88 back plecy (plural only) [plɛʦɨ]
89 breast pierś [ˈpʲɛrɕ]
90 heart serce [ˈsɛrʦɛ]
91 liver wątroba [vɔ̃ˈtrɔba]
92 to drink pić [pʲiʨ]
93 to eat jeść [jɛɕʨ]
94 to bite gryźć [ɡrɨɕʨ]
95 to suck ssać [ˈssaʨ]
96 to spit pluć [ˈpluʨ]
97 to vomit wymiotować [vɨmʲɔˈtɔvaʨ]
98 to blow dmuchać [ˈdmuxaʨ]
99 to breathe oddychać [ɔdˈdixaʨ]
100 to laugh śmiać się [ɕmʲaʨ ɕɛ̃]
101 to see widzieć [ˈvʲiʥɛʨ]
102 to hear słyszeć [ˈswɨʃɛʨ]
103 to know wiedzieć [ˈvʲɛʥɛʨ]
104 to think myśleć [ˈmɨɕlɛʨ]
105 to smell czuć [ʧuʨ]
106 to fear bać się [ˈbaʨ ɕɛ̃]
107 to sleep spać [spaʨ]
108 to live żyć [ʒɨʨ]
109 to die umierać [uˈmʲɛraʨ]
110 to kill zabijać [ˈzabʲiʨ]
111 to fight walczyć [ˈvalʧɨʨ]
112 to hunt wypędzać [vɨˈpɛ̃dzaʨ]
113 to hit uderzać [uˈdɛ̃ʒaʨ]
114 to cut ciąć [ʨɔ̃ʨ]
115 to split rąbać [ˈrɔ̃baʨ]
116 to stab pchnąć nożem [pxnɔ̃ʨ nuʃɛm]
117 to scratch drapać [ˈdrapaʨ]
118 to dig drążyć [ˈdrɔ̃ʒɨʨ]
119 to swim pływać [ˈpwɨvaʨ]
120 to fly latać [ˈlataʨ]
121 to walk iść [iɕʨ]
122 to come przychodzić [pʃɨˈxɔʥiʨ]
123 to lie (as in a bed) leżeć (action)
124 to sit siadać (action) [ˈɕadaʨ]
125 to stand wstawać (action)
126 to turn (intransitive) skręcać [ˈskrɛ̃ʦiʨ]
127 to fall padać [ˈpadaʨ]
128 to give dawać [ˈdavaʨ]
129 to hold trzymać [ˈtʃɨmaʨ]
130 to squeeze ściskać [ˈɕʨiskaʨ]
131 to rub trzeć [ˈtʃɛʨ]
132 to wash myć [mɨʨ]
133 to wipe wycierać [vɨˈʨɛraʨ]
134 to pull ciągnąć [ˈʨɔ̃ɡnɔ̃ʨ]
135 to push pchać [pxaʨ]
136 to throw rzucać [ˈʒuʦaʨ]
137 to tie wiązać [ˈvʲɔ̃zaʨ]
138 to sew szyć [ʃɨʨ]
139 to count liczyć [ˈʎiʧɨʨ]
140 to say mówić [ˈmuviʨ]
141 to sing śpiewać [ˈɕpʲɛvaʨ]
142 to play bawić się [ˈbavʲiʨ ɕɛ̃]
143 to float pływać [ˈpwɨvaʨ]
144 to flow płynąć [ˈpwɨnɔ̃ʨ]
145 to freeze marznąć [ˈmarznɔ̃ʨ]
146 to swell pęcznieć [ˈpɛ̃ʧɲɛʨ]
147 sun słońce [ˈswɔɲʦɛ]
148 moon księżyc [ˈkɕɛ̃ʒɨʦ]
149 star gwiazda [ˈɡvʲazda]
150 water woda [ˈvɔda]
151 rain deszcz [dɛʃʧ]
152 river rzeka [ˈʒɛka]
153 lake jezioro [jɛˈʑɔrɔ]
154 sea morze [ˈmɔʒɛ]
155 salt sól [sul]
156 stone kamień [ˈkamʲɛɲ]
157 sand piasek [ˈpʲasɛk]
158 dust kurz [kuʃ]
159 earth ziemia [ˈʑɛmʲa]
160 cloud chmura [ˈxmura]
161 fog mgła [mɡwa]
162 sky niebo [ˈɲɛbɔ]
163 wind wiatr [vʲiatr]
164 snow śnieg [ɕɲɛk]
165 ice lód [lut]
166 smoke dym [dɨm]
167 fire ogień [ˈɔɡʲɛɲ]
168 ash popiół [ˈpɔpʲuw]
169 to burn palić się [ˈpaʎiʨ ɕɛ̃]
170 road droga [ˈdrɔɡa]
171 mountain góra [ˈɡura]
172 red czerwony [ʧɛrˈvɔnɨ]
173 green zielony [ʑɛˈlɔnɨ]
174 yellow żółty [ˈʒuwtɨ]
175 white biały [ˈbʲawɨ]
176 black czarny [ˈʧarnɨ]
177 night noc [nɔʦ]
178 day dzień [ʥɛɲ]
179 year rok [rɔk]
180 warm ciepło [ˈʨɛpwɔ]
181 cold zimno [ˈʑimnɔ]
182 full pełny [ˈpɛwnɨ]
183 new nowy [ˈnɔvɨ]
184 old stary [ˈstarɨ]
185 good dobry [ˈdɔbrɨ]
186 bad zły [zwɨ]
187 rotten zgniły [ˈzɡɲiwɨ]
188 dirty brudny [ˈbrudnɨ]
189 straight prosty [ˈprɔstɨ]
190 round okrągły [ɔˈkrɔ̃ɡwɨ]
191 sharp (as a knife) ostry [ˈɔstrɨ]
192 dull (as a knife) tępy [ˈtɛ̃pɨ]
193 smooth gładki [ˈɡwatkɨ]
194 wet mokry [ˈmɔkrɨ]
195 dry suchy [ˈsuxɨ]
196 correct poprawny, prawidłowy [pɔˈpravnɨ]
197 near blisko [ˈbʎiskɔ]
198 far daleko [daˈlɛkɔ]
199 right prawy [ˈpravɨ]
200 left lewy [ˈlɛvɨ]
201 at do [dɔ]
202 in w [v]
203 with z [z]
204 and i [i]
205 if jeżeli [jɛˈʒɛʎɨ]
206 because bo [bɔ]
207 name nazwisko [naˈzvʲiskɔ]

* the personal pronouns are frequently omitted

  • Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

  • verbs : infinitive
  • other words : masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

[edit] Bibliography

  • Dictionnaire de poche français-polonais / polonais-français, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 2004 - ISBN 83-214-0938-5
  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6

[edit] External links

Swadesh lists
Afrikaans – Antillean Creole – Arabic (p) – Armenian (t,p) – Aromanian – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Breton – Bulgarian (t) – Catalan – Croatian – Czech – Danish – Dutch – Egyptian Arabic (p) – Estonian – Finnish – French (p) – Friulian – Gan (p) – Georgian (t,p) – German (p) – Greek (p) – Guaraní – Haïtian Creole – Hausa – Hittite – Hungarian – Icelandic – Indonesian – Irish Gaelic – Istro-Romanian  – Italian (p) – Japanese (t) – Kashubian – Latvian – Lingala – Lithuanian – Luwian – Macedonian (t) – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Mandarin Chinese (t) – Megleno-Romanian  – Old Chinese (p) – Ossetian (p) – Polish (p) – Portuguese (p) – Proto-Indo-European –Quechua –Romani – Romanian – Russian – Sanskrit (t) – Scottish Gaelic – Serbian – Slovenian – Spanish (p) – Sranan – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tajik (t) – Tahitian – Tocharian B – Turkish – Vietnamese – Waloon – West Frisian – Zulu
The list may also include : (t) the transcription in latin characters, (p) the phonetic transcription
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