Appendix:Celtic Swadesh lists

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English Proto-celtic Continental Celtic Breton Cornish Welsh Old Irish Irish Scottish Gaelic Manx
1 I *moi me my mi, fi mi mee
2 thou *tū te ty ti thu oo
3 he *em eñv ev ef, fe, fo é e eh
4 we *(s)nīs ni ni ni sní sinn, muid sinn shin
5 you
(plural)
c'hwi hwi chwi, chi síi, sib sibh sibh shiu
6 they int i hwy, hwynt, nhw é siad iad, 'ad ad
7 this *sindo, so-sin, se- an ... mañ an ... ma hwn, y ... yma in ... so an ... seo, an ... so an ... seo yn ... shoh
8 that *emo-, *sindo-de an ... se an ... na hwnnw, y ... yna in ... sin, in ... tall an ... sin, an ... siúd an ... sin, an ... siud yn ... shen, yn ... shid
9 here *sondo, *uman? amañ omma yma sund anseo an seo ayns-shoh
10 there *kei, *anda? aze ena yna tall ansin, ansiúd an sin, an siud ayns-shin, ayns-shid
11 who *kʷei piv piw pwy cía quoi
12 what petra pyth beth cid cad é, céard ciod, cre, cre'd, quoid
13 where *kʷuts pelec'h ple ble cía airm, cairm, cía dú càite c'raad
14 when *kʷan(o) pegoulz, pedavare, pevare p'eur pryd cuin cathain, cá huair, cén uair cuin cre'n traa, cuin
15 how penaos, pegiz, pevod fatell sut co, cía chruth, cía indas, cindas conas, cén chaoi, cad é mar ciamar, cionnas kys, cre
16 not ne ... ket ny dim , nícon , cha cha cha
17 all holl, tout oll pob, holl uile uile uile ooilley
18 many kalz lies llawer il, imdae, mór a lán, mórán mòran shimmey
19 some bennak, meur a nebes rhai, rhyw nach roinnt roinn shiartanse
20 few nebeud nebes ychydig úathad, terc, bec beagán beagan beggan
21 other all, arall erell arall aile eile eile elley
22 one unan onan un óen aon aon unnane
23 two daou dew dau daa
24 three tri tri tri trí trí trì three
25 four pevar peswar pedwar cethair ceathair ceithir kiare
26 five pemp pymp pump cóic cúig còig queig
27 big bras, (old) meur bras mawr mór, oll mór mòr mooar
28 long hir hir hir fota, sír fada, síor fada foddey
29 wide ledan ledan llydan lethan, fairsing leathan leathann lhean
30 thick fetis, tev tew tew tiug, remor tiubh tiugh çhiu
31 heavy pounner poes trwm trom trom trom trome
32 small bihan byghan bach, bychan bec beag beag beg
33 short berr berr byr gerr, cummair, berr gearr goirid giare
34 narrow enk, strizh kul cul cáel, cumung cúng cumhang coon
35 thin moan, tanav moen, tanow tenau tana, séim tanaí tana thanney
36 woman maouez benyn gwraig, merch, dynes, menyw ben bean bean ben
37 man
(adult male)
gwaz, den, gour gwas, den, gour gŵr, dyn fer fear fear fer
38 man
(human being)
den den dyn duine duine duine dooinney
39 child
(a youth)
bugel flogh plentyn lenab, noídiu leanbh, páiste leanabh, pàiste lhiannoo, paitçhey
40 wife gwreg gwreg gwraig ben, séitig bean chéile bean-phòsda ben-phoost
41 husband gwaz gour gŵr fer, céile fear céile fear-pòsda dooiney-phoost
42 mother mamm mamm mam máthair máthair màthair moir
43 father tad tas tad athair athair athair ayr
44 animal loen, aneval enyval anifail anmandae, míl, robb ainmhí ainmhidh cretoor-bioagh
45 fish pesk pysk pysgodyn íasc iasc iasg eeast
46 bird labous, evn edhen aderyn én éan eun ushag
47 dog ki ki ci , matad , madra, madadh , madadh moddey
48 louse laouenn lowenn lleuen míl étgudo, míl míol cnis mial meeyl
49 snake naer, sarpant sarf neidr, sarff nathair nathair nathair aernieu
50 worm buzhug, preñv pryv pryf cruim péist, cruimh, cnuimh cnuimh beishteig, beisht
51 tree gwezenn gwydhenn coeden crann, fid crann, bile craobh billey
52 forest koad, koed koeswik coedwig, fforest caill, fid, fidbad, ruud, ros coill coille keyll
53 stick
(of wood)
bazh ffon maide, flesc bata, maide bata maidjey
54 fruit frwezh froeth ffrwyth mess, torad toradh meas, toradh mess
55 seed had, greun hasenn had síl síol sìol rass
56 leaf delienn delenn deilen duille duille duilleag duilllag, cooylley
57 root gwrizienn gwreydh gwreiddyn frém, mecon fréamh freumh fraue
58 bark
(of tree)
rusk rusk rhisgl coirt, rúsc, croiccenn, crottball coirt rùsg scryss
59 flower bleuñv, fleur bleujenn blodyn bláth, scoth bláth blàth blaa
60 grass geot, gwelt gwels gwellt fér féar feur faiyr
61 rope kordenn lovan rhaff súainem, tét, loman téad ròpa tedd
62 skin
(of a person)
kroc'hen kroghen croen cnes, croiccenn craiceann craiceann crackan
63 meat
(as in flesh)
kig kig cig feóil, cúa feoil feòil feill
64 blood gwad goes gwaed fuil, crú fuil fuil fuill
65 bone askorn askorn asgwrn cnáimh cnámh cnàimh craue
66 fat
(noun)
druzoni blonek saim blonac, béoil, íth, geir blonag saill blennick
67 egg vi oy ŵy og ubh ugh ooh
68 horn korn korn corn adarc, benn, corn adharc, corn adharc eairk
69 tail lost lost cynffon, llost err, erball eireaball earball famman, arbyl
70 feather
(rather not down)
pluñvenn pluvenn pluen cleitte cleite ite fedjag
71 hair blev blew blew, gwallt folt, finna gruaig gruag folt
72 head penn penn pen cenn ceann ceann kione
73 ear skouarn skovarn clust clúas cluas cluas cleaysh
74 eye lagad lagas llygad súil, rosc súil sùil sooill
75 nose fri troen trwyn srón srón sròn stroin
76 mouth genoù, muzelloù, beg ganow ceg, genau bél, gin béal beul beeal
77 tooth
(rather not molar)
dant dans dant dét, fíacail fiacail, déad fiacail feeackle
78 tongue teod taves tafod tengae teanga teanga çhengey
79 fingernail ivin ewin ewin ingen ionga ìne yngyn
80 foot troad, troed troes troed traig, cos cos cas cass
81 leg gar garr coes cos cos cas lurgey
82 knee glin glin glin, pen-glin glún glúin glùn glioon
83 hand dorn dorn llaw lám lámh làmh laue
84 wing askell askell asgell, adenydd ette, scíath sciathán, ascaill sgiath skian
85 belly kof, tor torr, kroth bol, bola brú, bolg bolg brù, broinn bolg
86 guts bouzelloù kolodhyon perfedd cáelán, inathar inní caolan collane
87 neck gouzoug konna gwddf, mwnwgl brága, muin, muinél muineál muineal mwannal
88 back kein keyn cefn cúl, druimm droim druim dreeym
89 breast bronn bronn bron cích cíoch, brollach cìoch keeagh
90 heart kalon kolonn calon cride croí cridhe cree
91 liver avu avi afu, iau óa ae adha aane
92 to drink evañ, evet eva yfed ibid ól òl iu
93 to eat debriñ, boueta dybri bwyta ithid ith ith ee
94 to bite krogiñ, dantañ densel cnoi, brathu benaid, greimm bain greim bìd greimmey
95 to suck sunañ sugna, dena sugno súigid, dinid súigh, dúil sùigh jiole
96 to spit skopat trewa, berya poeri do·beir saile caith seile tilg smugaid ceau shelley
97 to vomit dislonkañ, c'hwedañ, reucheutiñ hwyja chwydu sceïd aisig sgeith skeeah
98 to blow
(as wind)
c'hwezhañ hwytha chwythu séitid, do·infet séid sèid
99 to breathe alanat, analañ anella anadlu do·beir anál tarraing anáil tarraing anail tayrn ennal
100 to laugh c'hoarzhin hwerthin chwerthin gáirid, tibid ag gáire gàir gearey
101 to see gwelet gweles gweld ad·cí feic faic fakin
102 to hear klevet klywes clywed ro·cluinethar cluin, clois cluinn clashtyn
103 to know
(a fact)
gouzout godhvos gwybod ro·fitir, at·tá a ḟis oc a fhios ag tha fios aig cur enney er
104 to think soñjal, prederiañ prederi meddwl imm·rádi, smúainid smaoinigh smaoinich smooinaghtyn
105 to smell
(sense odor)
klevet blasa, klywes arogli, clywed arogl boltaigidir bolaigh feuch fàileadh soaral
106 to fear kaout owen, aoniñ perthi own ofni, bod ag ofn ad·ágathar, is ómun lawith subject as the object of la, gaibid eclawith subject and object reversed, eclaigid eagla a bheith ort gabh eagal goaill aggle
107 to sleep kousket koska cysgu con·tuili codail bi ann do chadal cadley
108 to live bevañ bywa byw ar·beir biuth, at·tá beó, maraid beo, mair bi beò be bio
109 to die mervel merwel marw at·baill, baïd, téit bás, fo·gaib bás faigh bás bàsaich geddyn baase
110 to kill lazhañ ladha lladd marbaid, gonaid, oirgid marbhaigh, slad marbh marroo
111 to fight stourm, gouren omladh ymladd, brwydro fichid, cathaigid troid còmhraig caggey
112 to hunt
(transitive)
chaseal helghya hela ad·claid, do·seinn seilg sealg shelg
113 to hit skoiñ gweskel, skwatya taro benaid, sligid, slaidid, boingid, búailid buail buail bwoalley
114 to cut troc'hañ treghi torri snaidid, do·esc, gerraid gearr geàrr giarrey
115 to split faoutañ folsa hollti dlongid scoilt sgoilt scoltey
116 to stab
(or stick)
goustilhañ gwana, pyghya gwanu, trywanu cailgid, tollaid rop sàth broddey
117 to scratch
(an itch)
skrabat, kravat kravas cosi scrípaid, tochasaid tochais sgròb screebey taghys
118 to dig kleuzañ palas cloddio, palu claidid tochail cladhaich cleigh
119 to swim neuñviñ neuvya nofio snáïd snámh snàmh snaue
120 to fly nijal nijal hedfan fo·luathar eitil itealaich etlagh
121 to walk kerzhet, bale kerdhes cerdded siblaid, teít siúil coisich shooyl
122 to come dont dos dod do·icc, do·tét tar thig çheet
123 to lie
(as on one's side)
gourvez gorwedhes gorwedd laigid luigh laigh lhie
124 to sit azezañ esedha eistedd saidid suigh suidh soie
125 to stand sevel sevel sefyll do·airissedar seas seas shassoo
126 to turn
(change direction)
troiñ treylya troi sóïd, imm·sói cas till cassey
127 to fall
(as in drop)
kouezhañ koedha cwympo, disgyn, syrthio do·tuit tit tuit tuittym
128 to give reiñ ri rhoi do·beir tabhair tabhair toyrt
129 to hold
(in one's hand)
dalc'hen, derc'hel synsi, dalghenna dal, dala gaibid coinnigh cùm cummal
130 to squeeze stardañ, gwaskañ gwaska, gwrynya, strotha gwasgu tendaid, fáiscid, timsaigid fáisc teannaich çhionney
131 to rub frotañ rutya rhwbio con·meil cuimil suath scoorey
132 to wash gwalc'hiñ, golc'hiñ golghi golchi nigid, fothraicid, folcaid, ind·aim nigh nigh niee
133 to wipe torchañ, sec'hañ sygha sychu cuimil suath glenney
134 to pull sachañ, tennañ tenna tynnu do·srenga, srengaid tarraing tarraing tayrn
135 to push bountañ herdhya, pokya gwthio ad·aig brúigh brùth jingey
136 to throw teurel, chetañ tewlel taflu fo·ceird, sréïd, do·léci, caithid, sneidid caith tilg ceau
137 to tie eren, koulmañ kelmi clymu, rhwymo con·rig, sníïd, cenglaid ceangail ceangail kiangley
138 to sew gwriat gwrias, sewya gwnïo úaigid fuaigh fuaigh whaaley
139 to count kontañ nivera, akontya, amontya rhifo rímid cuntais cùnnt coontey
140 to say lavaret leverel siarad as·beir, ráidid abair abair gra
141 to sing kanañ kana canu canaid can seinn goaill arrane
142 to play c'hoari gwari chwarae imm·beir, cluichigidir imir cluich cloie
143 to float neuviñ, flotañ neuvella nofio snáïd snámh bi a' fleòdradh snaue
144 to flow deverañ dinewi, bera llifo snigid, silid, bruinnid, do·lin snigh ruith stroo
145 to freeze reviñ, skornañ rewi rhewi reódaid, téchtaid reoigh reòdh rioghey
146 to swell c'hwezañ hwythfi chwyddo attaid, bolgaid at at att
147 sun heol howl haul grían grian grian grian
148 moon loar loer lleuad, lloer ésca, gealach gealach eayst
149 star steredenn, sterenn sterenn seren rétglu, rind réalt rionnag rollage
150 water dour dowr dŵr uisce, dobur uisce, dobhar uisge ushtey
151 rain glav glaw glaw bráen, flechud báisteach, fearthainn frasachd fliaghey
152 river stêr, aven, rinier avon afon ab abhainn abhainn awin
153 lake lenn lynn llyn loch, linn loch, linn loch logh
154 sea
(as in ocean)
mor mor môr muir, fairrge, ler, trethan muir, farraige muir, cuan, fairge keayn, faarkey
155 salt holen hoelan halen salann salann salann sollan
156 stone maen men maen, carreg cloch, lía cloch clach clagh
157 sand traezh tewes tywod gainem gaineamh gainmheach geinnagh
158 dust poultrenn polter, doust llwch lúaithred, lúaith deannach stùr joan
159 earth
(as in soil)
douar dor daear talam, úir talamh talamh thalloo
160 cloud koumoul kommolenn cwmwl nél scamall, néal sgòth, neul bodjal, niaul
161 fog morenn, nivlenn niwl niwl ceó ceo ceò kay
162 sky oabl, neñv ebrenn wybren nem, aer aer, spéir adhar, speur niau
163 wind
(as in breeze)
avel, gwent gwyns gwynt gáeth gaoth gaoth geay
164 snow erc'h ergh eira snechta sneachta sneachd sniaghtey
165 ice skorn rew aig oighear eighre rio
166 smoke moged mog mwg deatach ceò, toit jaagh
167 fire tan tan tân teine, daig, áed tine teine aile, çhenney
168 ashes ludu lusow lludu lúaith luaith luath leoie
169 to burn
(intransitive)
deviñ, leskiñ leski llosgi bruthnaigidir, teinnid dóigh loisg lostey
170 road hent fordh ffordd bóthar, rót, conar, slige bóthar rathad raad, baare
171 mountain menez menydh mynydd slíab, benn sliabh beinn slieau
172 red ruz rudh coch, rhudd derg, rúad, flann rua, dearg ruadh, dearg ruy, jiarg
173 green glas, gwer gwyrdh gwyrdd glas, úaine glas, uaine glas, uaine geayney
174 yellow melen melyn melyn buide buí buidhe buigh
175 white gwenn gwynn gwyn bán, finn bán, fionn geal bane
176 black du du du dub dubh dubh doo
177 night noz nos nos adaig oíche oidhche oie
178 day
(daytime)
deiz, dez dydh dydd , día laa
179 year bloaz, bloavezh blydhen blwyddyn bliadain bliain bliadhna blein
180 warm
(as in weather)
tomm, toemm toemm cynnes, twym te te blàth çheh
181 cold
(as in weather)
yen, yein yeyn oer úar fuar fuar feayr
182 full leun leun llawn lán lán làn lane
183 new nevez nowydh newydd núa nua, úr ùr, nuadh noa
184 old kozh, (old) hen koth, hen hen sen sean sean shenn
185 good mat, (old) da da, mas da, mad maith, dag, so- maith, dea- math mie
186 bad fall, drouk drog drwg olc, droch- olc, droch-, dona dona, olc olk, drogh
187 rotten
(as, a log)
brein breyn, poder braen, pwdr brén lofa, bréan lobhte loau
188 dirty lous plos brwnt, budr salach salach salach broghe, breinnagh
189 straight eeun ewn syth díriuch díreach dìreach jeeragh
190 round ront, krenn krenn crwn cruinn cruinn cruinn cruinn
191 sharp
(as a knife)
lemm lymm miniog, llym gér, áith géar geur geyre
192 dull
(as a knife)
dall pŵl mael maol maol moal
193 smooth lintr, levn leven, gwastas llyfn réid, mín mín mìn rea, shliawin
194 wet gwleb glyb, gwlygh gwlyb fliuch fliuch fliuch fliugh
195 dry
(adjective)
sec'h sych sych tírim tirim tioram çhirrym
196 right
(correct)
reizh ewn iawn, cywir, certh cert, cóir ceart ceart cair
197 near tost, ogos ogas agos ocus cóngarach, in aice faisg, dlùth faggys
198 far pell pell pell cían, i fat fada fada foddey
199 right
(side)
dehoù deghow de dess deas deas jesh
200 left
(side)
kleiz, klez kledh chwith clé, túath- clé clì toshtal
201 at da orth at, wrth oc ag aig ec
202 in e, en, e-barzh, ba yn yn, mewn i i ann ayn
203 with
(accompanying)
gant, get gans â, gan, gyda, efo co, la, i n-arrad le le marish
204 and ha, hag ha, hag a ocus agus agus as
205 if ma, mar, pe mar os, pe , día , ma, nan my, ga
206 because abalamour ma, peogwir drefenn achos, oherwydd óre óir oir er-yn-oyr
207 name anv hanow enw ainmm ainm ainm ennym
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