Appendix:White Hmong Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in White Hmong, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| No. | English | White Hmong Hmoob Dawb |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | kuv | ku˨˦ |
| 2 | you (singular) | koj | kɔ˥˨ |
| 3 | he | nws | nɨ˧ |
| 4 | we | peb, wb (dual) | pe˥, ɨ˥ |
| 5 | you (plural) | nej, neb (dual) | ne˥˨, ne˥ |
| 6 | they | lawv, nkawd (dual) | laɨ˨˦, ᵑɡaɨ˨˩˧ |
| 7 | this | no, nov | nɔ˦, nɔ˨˦ |
| 8 | that | ntawd | ⁿdaɨ˨˩˧ |
| 9 | here | qhov no | qʰɔ˨˦nɔ˦ |
| 10 | there | ntawd | ⁿdaɨ˨˩˧ |
| 11 | who | leej twg | lẽ˥˨tɨ̤˧ |
| 12 | what | dabtsi | da˥ʈʂi˦ |
| 13 | where | qhov twg | qʰɔ˨˦tɨ̤˧ |
| 14 | when | thaum twg | tʰaṵ˧˩tɨ̤˧ |
| 15 | how | ua li cas | uə˦li˦ca˧ |
| 16 | not | tsis | ʈʂi˧ |
| 17 | all | huv si, tib si | hu˨˦ʂi˦, ti˥ʂi˦ |
| 18 | many | ntau, coob | ⁿdau˦, cɔ̃˥ |
| 19 | some | qee | qẽ˦ |
| 20 | few | mentsis, tsawg | me˦ᶯɖʐi˧, ʈʂaɨ̤˧ |
| 21 | other | lwm | lɨ̰˧˩ |
| 22 | one | ib | i˥ |
| 23 | two | ob | ɔ˥ |
| 24 | three | peb | pe˥ |
| 25 | four | plaub | pˡau˥ |
| 26 | five | tsib | ʈʂi˥ |
| 27 | big | loj | lɔ˥˨ |
| 28 | long | ntev | ⁿde˨˦ |
| 29 | wide | dav | da˨˦ |
| 30 | thick | tuab | tuə˥ |
| 31 | heavy | hnyav | ɲ̥a˨˦ |
| 32 | small | me | me˦ |
| 33 | short | luv | lu˨˦ |
| 34 | narrow | nqaim | ᶰɢaḭ˧˩ |
| 35 | thin | nyias | ɲiə˧ |
| 36 | woman | pojniam | pɔ˥˨niə̰˧˩ |
| 37 | man (male) | txiv neej | tsi˨˦nẽ˥˨ |
| 38 | man (human) | neeg | nẽ̤˧ |
| 39 | child | menyuam | me˦ɲuə̰˧˩ |
| 40 | wife | pojniam | pɔ˥˨niə̰˧˩ |
| 41 | husband | txiv | tsi˨˦ |
| 42 | mother | niam | niə̰˧˩ |
| 43 | father | txiv | tsi˨˦ |
| 44 | animal | tsiaj | ʈʂiə˥˨ |
| 45 | fish | ntses | ᶯɖʐe˧ |
| 46 | bird | noog | nɔ̤̃˧ |
| 47 | dog | dev | de˨˦ |
| 48 | louse | tuv | tu˨˦ |
| 49 | snake | nab | na˥ |
| 50 | worm | cua nab | cuə˦na˥ |
| 51 | tree | ntoo | ⁿdɔ̃˦ |
| 52 | forest | zoov | ʐɔ̃˨˦ |
| 53 | stick | ceg | ce̤˧ |
| 54 | fruit | txiv | tsi˨˦ |
| 55 | seed | noob | nɔ̃˥ |
| 56 | leaf | nplooj | ᵐbˡɔ̃˥˨ |
| 57 | root | cag | ca̤˧ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | tawv | taɨ˨˦ |
| 59 | flower | paj | pa˥˨ |
| 60 | grass | nyom | ɲɔ̰˧˩ |
| 61 | rope | hlua | ɬuə˦ |
| 62 | skin | tawv | taɨ˨˦ |
| 63 | meat | nqaij | ᶰɢai˥˨ |
| 64 | blood | ntshav | ᶯɖʐʱa˨˦ |
| 65 | bone | pob-txha | pɔ˥tsʰa˦ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | roj | ʈɔ˥˨ |
| 67 | egg | qe | qe˦ |
| 68 | horn | kub | ku˥ |
| 69 | tail | tw | tɨ˦ |
| 70 | feather | plaub | pˡau˥ |
| 71 | hair | plaub-hau | pˡau˥hau˦ |
| 72 | head | taub-hau | tau˥hau˦ |
| 73 | ear | pob-ntseg | pɔ˥ᶯɖʐe̤˧ |
| 74 | eye | qhov-muag | qʰɔ˨˦muə̤˧ |
| 75 | nose | qhov-ntswg | qʰɔ˨˦ᶯɖʐɨ̤˧ |
| 76 | mouth | qhov-ncauj | qʰɔ˨˦ᶮɟau˥˨ |
| 77 | tooth | hniav | n̥iə˨˦ |
| 78 | tongue | nplaig | ᵐbˡai̤˧ |
| 79 | fingernail | rau tes | ʈau˦te˧ |
| 80 | foot | ko-taw | kɔ˦taɨ˦ |
| 81 | leg | ceg | ce̤˧ |
| 82 | knee | hauv caug, caug | hau˨˦caṳ˧, caṳ˧ |
| 83 | hand | tes | te˧ |
| 84 | wing | tis | ti˧ |
| 85 | belly | plab | pˡa˥ |
| 86 | guts | hnyuv | ɲ̥u˨˦ |
| 87 | neck | caj-dab | ca˥˨da˥ |
| 88 | back | nrob qaum | ᶯɖɔ˥qaṵ˧˩ |
| 89 | breast | mis | mi˧ |
| 90 | heart | plawv | pˡaɨ˨˦ |
| 91 | liver | siab | ʂiə˥ |
| 92 | to drink | haus | hau˧ |
| 93 | to eat | noj | nɔ˥˨ |
| 94 | to bite | tom | tɔ̰˧˩ |
| 95 | to suck | ntxais | ⁿdzai˧ |
| 96 | to spit | nti, nto | ⁿdi˦, ⁿdɔ˦ |
| 97 | to vomit | ntuav | ⁿduə˨˦ |
| 98 | to blow | tshuab | ʈʂʰuə˥ |
| 99 | to breathe | ua pa | uə˦pa˦ |
| 100 | to laugh | luag | luə̤˧ |
| 101 | to see | pom | pɔ̰˧˩ |
| 102 | to hear | hnov | n̥ɔ˨˦ |
| 103 | to know | paub | pau˥ |
| 104 | to think | xav | sa˨˦ |
| 105 | to smell | tsw | ʈʂɨ˦ |
| 106 | to fear | ntshai | ᶯɖʐʱai˦ |
| 107 | to sleep | tsaug zog | ʈʂaṳ˧ʐɔ̤˧ |
| 108 | to live | nyob | ɲɔ˥ |
| 109 | to die | tuag | tuə̤˧ |
| 110 | to kill | tua | tuə˦ |
| 111 | to fight | sib-ntaus | ʂi˥ⁿdau˧ |
| 112 | to hunt | plob hav zoov | pˡɔ˥ha˨˦ʐɔ̃˨˦ |
| 113 | to hit | ntaus | ⁿdau˧ |
| 114 | to cut | txiav | tsiə˨˦ |
| 115 | to split | phua | pʰuə˦ |
| 116 | to stab | nkaug, nplhos | ᵑɡaṳ˧, ᵐbˡʰɔ˧ |
| 117 | to scratch | khawb | kʰaɨ˥ |
| 118 | to dig | khawb | kʰaɨ˥ |
| 119 | to swim | ua luam dej | uə˦luə̰˧˩de˥˨ |
| 120 | to fly | ya | ʝa˦ |
| 121 | to walk | taug kev | taṳ˧ke˨˦ |
| 122 | to come | tuaj | tuə˥˨ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | pw | pɨ˦ |
| 124 | to sit | zaum | ʐaṵ˧˩ |
| 125 | to stand | sawv ntsug | ʂaɨ˨˦ᶯɖʐṳ˧ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | tig | ti̤˧ |
| 127 | to fall | poob | pɔ̃˥ |
| 128 | to give | muab rau | muə˥ʈau˦ |
| 129 | to hold | tuav, puag | tuə˨˦, puə̤˧ |
| 130 | to squeeze | nyem | ɲḛ˧˩ |
| 131 | to rub | mos | mɔ˧ |
| 132 | to wash | ntxuav | ⁿdzuə˨˦ |
| 133 | to wipe | so | ʂɔ˦ |
| 134 | to pull | rub | ʈu˥ |
| 135 | to push | thawb | tʰaɨ˥ |
| 136 | to throw | pov | pɔ˨˦ |
| 137 | to tie | khi | kʰi˦ |
| 138 | to sew | xaws | saɨ˧ |
| 139 | to count | suav | ʂuə˨˦ |
| 140 | to say | hais | hai˧ |
| 141 | to sing | hu/hais nkauj | hu˦ᵑɡau˥˨, hai˧ᵑɡau˥˨ |
| 142 | to play | ua si | uə˦ʂi˦ |
| 143 | to float | ntab | ⁿda˥ |
| 144 | to flow | ntws | ⁿdɨ˧ |
| 145 | to freeze | khov | kʰɔ˨˦ |
| 146 | to swell | o | ɔ˦ |
| 147 | sun | hnub | n̥u˥ |
| 148 | moon | hli | ɬi˦ |
| 149 | star | hnub qub | n̥u˥qu˥ |
| 150 | water | dej | de˥˨ |
| 151 | rain | nag | na̤˧ |
| 152 | river | dej | de˥˨ |
| 153 | lake | pas dej | pa˧de˥˨ |
| 154 | sea | hiav-txwv | hiə˨˦tsɨ˨˦ |
| 155 | salt | ntsev | ᶯɖʐe˨˦ |
| 156 | stone | pob-zeb | pɔ˥ʐe˥ |
| 157 | sand | hmoov zeb | m̥ɔ̃˨˦ʐe˥ |
| 158 | dust | hmoov av | m̥ɔ̃˨˦a˨˦ |
| 159 | earth | av | a˨˦ |
| 160 | cloud | huab | huə˥ |
| 161 | fog | pos huab | pɔ˧huə˥ |
| 162 | sky | ntuj | ⁿdu˥˨ |
| 163 | wind | cua | cuə˦ |
| 164 | snow | npu | ᵐbu˦ |
| 165 | ice | dej khov, nab kuab | de˥˨kʰɔ˨˦, na˥kuə˥ |
| 166 | smoke | ncho pa | ᶮɟʱɔ˦pa˦ |
| 167 | fire | taws | taɨ˧ |
| 168 | ash | tshauv | ʈʂʰau˨˦ |
| 169 | to burn | hlawv | ɬaɨ˨˦ |
| 170 | road | kev | ke˨˦ |
| 171 | mountain | roob, toj | ʈɔ̃˥, tɔ˥˨ |
| 172 | red | liab | liə˥ |
| 173 | green | ntsuab | ᶯɖʐuə˥ |
| 174 | yellow | daj | da˥˨ |
| 175 | white | dawb | daɨ˥ |
| 176 | black | dub | du˥ |
| 177 | night | tsaus ntuj | ʈʂau˧ⁿdu˥˨ |
| 178 | day | hnub | n̥u˥ |
| 179 | year | xyoo | çɔ̃˦ |
| 180 | warm | kub, sov | ku˥, ʂɔ˨˦ |
| 181 | cold | no, txias | nɔ˦, txiə˧ |
| 182 | full | puv | pu˨˦ |
| 183 | new | tshiab | ʈʂʰiə˥ |
| 184 | old | laus, qub | lau˧, qu˥ |
| 185 | good | zoo | ʐɔ̃˦ |
| 186 | bad | phem | pʰḛ˧˩ |
| 187 | rotten | lwj | lɨ˥˨ |
| 188 | dirty | txab, ceb | txa˥, ce˥ |
| 189 | straight | ncaj | ᶮɟa˥˨ |
| 190 | round | kheej-kheej | kʰẽ˥˨kʰẽ˥˨ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ntse | ᶯɖʐe˦ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | npub | ᵐbu˥ |
| 193 | smooth | du | du˦ |
| 194 | wet | ntub | ⁿdu˥ |
| 195 | dry | qhuav | qʰuə˨˦ |
| 196 | correct | tseeb | ʈʂẽ˥ |
| 197 | near | ze | ʐe˦ |
| 198 | far | deb | de˥ |
| 199 | right | sab xis | ʂa˥xi˧ |
| 200 | left | sab-laug | ʂa˥laṳ˧ |
| 201 | at | ntawm, tom | ⁿdaɨ̰˧˩, tɔ̰˧˩ |
| 202 | in | hauv | hau˨˦ |
| 203 | with | nrog | ᶯɖɔ̤˧ |
| 204 | and | thiab | tʰiə˥ |
| 205 | if | yog | ʝɔ̤˧ |
| 206 | because | vim | vḭ˧˩ |
| 207 | name | npe | ᵐbe˦ |
Sources[edit]
- Ratliff, Martha. 2009. "White Hmong vocabulary" In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, 1292 entries. http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25
External links[edit]
- White Hmong Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- Hmong Dictionary
- Learn Hmong