Appendix:Nanjing Mandarin Swadesh list
(Redirected from Appendix:Nanjingnese Swadesh list)
This is a Swadesh list of words in Nanjingnese, compared with that of English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
This list uses Langjin Pinin and IPA
| № | English | Mandarin 南京話／南京话 (Nánjīnghuà) edit (207) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 我 (o3) | o²¹² |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 你 (li3) | li²¹² |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 他 (ta1) | tʰa³¹ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 我們／我们 (o3 men2) | o²¹² məŋ⁰ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 你們／你们 (li3 men2) | li²¹² məŋ⁰ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 他們／他们 (ta1 men2) | tʰa²¹² məŋ⁰ |
| 7 | this | 這個／这个 (zhe4 go4) | tʂe⁴⁴ ko⁴⁴ |
| 8 | that | 那個／那个 (la4 go4) | laʔ⁵ ko⁴⁴ |
| 9 | here | 這塊／这块 (zhe4 kuä4) | tʂe⁴⁴ kʰuɛ⁰ |
| 10 | there | 那塊／那块 (la4 kuä4) | la⁴⁴ kʰuɛ⁰ |
| 11 | who | 哪個／哪个 (la3 go4) | la²¹² ko⁰ |
| 12 | what | 什麼／什么 (shen2 mo3) | ʂəŋ²⁴ mo⁰ |
| 13 | where | 哪裏／哪里 (la3 li3), 哪塊／哪块 (la3 kuä4) | la²¹² li⁰, la²¹² kʰuɛ⁰ |
| 14 | when | 多咱 (do1 zang3), 什麼時候／什么时候 (shen2 mo3 shr2 hou4), 幾時／几时 (ji1 shr2) | to³¹ tsã²¹², ʂəŋ²⁴ mo⁰ ʂʅ²⁴ xəɯ⁴⁴, tɕi³¹ ʂʅ²⁴ |
| 15 | how | 怎麼／怎么 (zen3 mo3) | tsəŋ²¹² mo⁰ |
| 16 | not | 不 (bu5) | puʔ⁵ |
| 17 | all | 全部 (cüän2 bu4) | tsyɛn²⁴ pu⁴⁴ |
| 18 | many | 多 (do1) | to³¹ |
| 19 | some | 幾個／几个 (ji1 go4) | tɕi³¹ ko⁰ |
| 20 | few | 少 (shao3) | ʂɔ²¹² |
| 21 | other | 旁的 (pang2 di5), 別的／别的 (bie5 di5) | pʰã³¹ tiʔ⁰, pieʔ⁵ tiʔ⁰ |
| 22 | one | 一 (i5) | iʔ⁵ |
| 23 | two | 二 (er4) | er⁴⁴ |
| 24 | three | 三 (sang1) | sã³¹ |
| 25 | four | 四 (sy4) | sɿ⁴⁴ |
| 26 | five | 五 (u3) | u²¹² |
| 27 | big | 大 (da4) | ta⁴⁴ |
| 28 | long | 長／长 (chang2) | tʂʰã²⁴ |
| 29 | wide | 寬／宽 (kuang1) | kʰuã³¹ |
| 30 | thick | 厚 (hou4) | xəɯ⁴⁴ |
| 31 | heavy | 重 (zhong4) | tʂoŋ⁴⁴ |
| 32 | small | 小 (siao3) | siɔ²¹² |
| 33 | short | 短 (duang3) | tuã²¹² |
| 34 | narrow | 窄 (zä5) | tsɛʔ⁵ |
| 35 | thin | 薄 (bo5), 𣻏 (xao1) | poʔ⁵, ɕɔ³¹ |
| 36 | woman | 女的 (lü3 di5), 女人 (lü3 ren2) | ly²¹² tiʔ⁰, ly²¹² ʐəŋ²⁴ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 男的 (lang2 di5), 男人 (lang2 ren2) | lã²⁴ tiʔ⁰, lã²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ |
| 38 | man (human being) | 人 (ren2) | ʐəŋ²⁴ |
| 39 | child | 小娃兒／小娃儿 (siao3 ua1 er2) | siɔ²¹² uar²⁴ |
| 40 | wife | 家裏／家里 (ja1 li3), 老婆 (lao3 po2), 內人／内人 (luei4 ren2) | tɕia³¹ li⁰, lɔ²¹² pʰo²⁴, luəi⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ |
| 41 | husband | 當家的／当家的 (dang1 ja1 di5), 男人 (lang2 ren2), 丈夫 (zhang4 fu1) | tã³¹ tɕia³¹ ti⁰, lã²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴, tʂã⁴⁴ fu⁰ |
| 42 | mother | 媽／妈 (ma1) | ma³¹ |
| 43 | father | 爹 (die1) | tie³¹ |
| 44 | animal | 動物／动物 (dong4 u5) | toŋ⁴⁴ uʔ⁵ |
| 45 | fish | 魚／鱼 (ü2) | y²⁴ |
| 46 | bird | 鳥／鸟 (liao3) | liɔ²¹² |
| 47 | dog | 狗 (gou3) | kəɯ²¹² |
| 48 | louse | 蝨子／虱子 (sä5 zy3) | sɛʔ⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
| 49 | snake | 蛇兒／蛇儿 (she2 er2) | ʂər²⁴ |
| 50 | worm | 蟲／虫 (chong2) | tʂʰoŋ²⁴ |
| 51 | tree | 樹／树 (shu4) | ʂu⁴⁴ |
| 52 | forest | 樹林子／树林子 (shu4 lin2 zy3) | ʂu⁴⁴ lin²⁴ tsɿ⁰ |
| 53 | stick | 樹枝／树枝 (shu4 zhr1) | ʂu⁴⁴ tʂʅ²¹² |
| 54 | fruit | 水果 (shuei3 go3) | ʂuəi²¹² ko²¹² |
| 55 | seed | 種子／种子 (zhong3 zy3) | tʂoŋ²¹² tsɿ⁰ |
| 56 | leaf | 樹葉兒／树叶儿 (shu4 ie5 er2) | ʂu⁴⁴ ier⁴⁴ |
| 57 | root | 樹根／树根 (shu4 gen1) | ʂu⁴⁴ kəŋ³¹ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮／树皮 (shu4 pi2) | ʂu⁴⁴ pʰi²⁴ |
| 59 | flower | 花 (hua1) | xua³¹ |
| 60 | grass | 草 (cao3) | tsʰɔ²¹² |
| 61 | rope | 繩子／绳子 (shen2 zy3) | ʂəŋ²⁴ tsɿ⁰ |
| 62 | skin | 皮膚／皮肤 (pi2 fu1) | pʰi²¹² fu³¹ |
| 63 | meat | 肉 (rou4) | ʐəɯ⁴⁴ |
| 64 | blood | 血 (xüe5) | ɕyeʔ⁵ |
| 65 | bone | 骨頭／骨头 (gu5 tou2) | kuʔ⁵ tʰəɯ⁰ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 脂肪 (zhr1 fang1) | tʂʅ³¹ fã³¹ |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 (dang4) | tã⁴⁴ |
| 68 | horn | 角 (go5) | koʔ⁵ |
| 69 | tail | 尾巴 (uei3 ba1) | uəi²¹² pa⁰ |
| 70 | feather | 羽毛 (ü3 mao2) | y²¹² mɔ²⁴ |
| 71 | hair | 頭髮／头发 (tou2 fa5) | tʰəɯ⁴⁴ faʔ⁵ |
| 72 | head | 頭兒／头儿 (tou2 er2) | tʰər²⁴ |
| 73 | ear | 耳朵 (er3 do3) | er²¹² to⁰ |
| 74 | eye | 眼睛 (iän3 zin1) | iɛn²¹² tsin⁰ |
| 75 | nose | 鼻子 (bi5 zy3) | piʔ⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
| 76 | mouth | 嘴 (zuei3) | tsuəi²¹² |
| 77 | tooth | 牙 (ia2) | ia²⁴ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 舌頭／舌头 (shä5 tou2) | ʂɛʔ⁵ tʰəɯ⁰ |
| 79 | fingernail | 指甲 (zhr3 ja5) | tʂʅ²¹² tɕiaʔ⁰ |
| 80 | foot | 腳／脚 (jo5) | tɕioʔ⁵ |
| 81 | leg | 腿 (tuei3) | tʰuəi²¹² |
| 82 | knee | 磕膝頭／磕膝头 (ko5 ci5 tou2) | kʰoʔ⁵ tsʰiʔ⁵ tʰəɯ²⁴ |
| 83 | hand | 手 (shou3) | ʂəɯ²¹² |
| 84 | wing | 翅膀 (chr4 bang3) | tʂʰʅ⁴⁴ pã²¹² |
| 85 | belly | 肚子 (du3 zy3) | tu⁴⁴ tsɿ⁰ |
| 86 | guts | 腸子／肠子 (chang2 zy3) | tʂʰã²⁴ tsɿ⁰ |
| 87 | neck | 頸子／颈子 (jin3 zy3) | tɕin²¹² tsɿ⁰ |
| 88 | back | 脊背 (zi5 bei4) | tsiʔ⁵ pəi⁴⁴ |
| 89 | breast | 胸脯 (xong1 pu2) (chest), 奶兒／奶儿 (lä3 er2) (tiddies) | ɕioŋ³¹ pʰu⁰, lər²¹² |
| 90 | heart | 心 (sin1) | sin³¹ |
| 91 | liver | 肝 (gang1) | kã³¹ |
| 92 | to drink | 吃 (chr5), 喝 (ho5) | tʂʅʔ⁵, xoʔ⁵ |
| 93 | to eat | 吃 (chr5) | tʂʅʔ⁵ |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (iao3) | iɔ²¹² |
| 95 | to suck | 吸 (xi5), 嗍 (sho5) | ɕiʔ⁵, ʂoʔ⁵ |
| 96 | to spit | 吐 (tu3) | tʰu²¹² |
| 97 | to vomit | 吐 (tu4) | tʰu⁴⁴ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (chuei1) | tʂʰuəi³¹ |
| 99 | to breathe | 呼吸 (hu1 xi5) | xu³¹ ɕiʔ⁵ |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 (siao4) | siɔ⁴⁴ |
| 101 | to see | 看 (kang4) | kʰã⁴⁴ |
| 102 | to hear | 聽／听 (tin1) | tʰin³¹ |
| 103 | to know | 曉得／晓得 (xao3 dä5), 知道 (zhr1 dao4) | ɕiɔ²¹² tɛʔ⁰, tʂʅ³¹ tɔ⁴⁴ |
| 104 | to think | 想 (siang3) | siã²¹² |
| 105 | to smell | 聞／闻 (uen2) | uəŋ²⁴ |
| 106 | to fear | 嚇怕／吓怕 (hä5 pa4) | xɛʔ⁵ pʰa⁴⁴ |
| 107 | to sleep | 睡 (shuei4) | ʂuei⁴⁴ |
| 108 | to live | 活 (ho5) | xoʔ⁵ |
| 109 | to die | 死 (sy3) | sɿ²¹² |
| 110 | to kill | 殺／杀 (sha5) | ʂaʔ⁵ |
| 111 | to fight | 打架 (da3 ja4) | ta²¹² tɕia⁴⁴ |
| 112 | to hunt | 打獵／打猎 (da3 lie4) | ta²¹² lieʔ⁵ |
| 113 | to hit | 揍 (zou4) | tsəɯ⁴⁴ |
| 114 | to cut | 切 (cie5) | tsʰieʔ⁵ |
| 115 | to split | 劈開／劈开 (pi5 kä1) | pʰiʔ⁵ kʰɛ³¹ |
| 116 | to stab | 戳 (cho5) | tʂʰoʔ⁵ |
| 117 | to scratch | 刮 (gua5) | kuaʔ⁵ |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (ua5) | uaʔ⁵ |
| 119 | to swim | 划水 (hua2 shuei3), 游泳 (iou2 iong4) | xua²⁴ ʂuəi²¹², iəɯ²⁴ ioŋ⁴⁴ |
| 120 | to fly | 飛／飞 (fei1) | fəi³¹ |
| 121 | to walk | 走 (zou3) | tsəɯ²¹² |
| 122 | to come | 來／来 (lä2) | lɛ²⁴ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 躺 (tang3), 睡 (shuei4) | tʰã²¹², ʂuəi⁴⁴ |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 (zo4) | tso⁴⁴ |
| 125 | to stand | 站 (zhang4) | tʂã⁴⁴ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 轉／转 (zhuang4) | tʂuã⁴⁴ |
| 127 | to fall | 落 (lo5), 掉 (diao4) | loʔ⁵, tiɔ⁴⁴ |
| 128 | to give | 給／给 (gi3) | ki²¹² |
| 129 | to hold | 拿 (la2) | la²⁴ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 擠／挤 (zi3) | tsi²¹² |
| 131 | to rub | 柔 (rou2) | rəɯ²⁴ |
| 132 | to wash | 洗 (si3) | si²¹² |
| 133 | to wipe | 㩢 (ma5), 擦 (ca5), 揩 (kä1) | maʔ⁵, tsʰaʔ⁵, kʰɛ³¹ |
| 134 | to pull | 拉 (la1) | la³¹ |
| 135 | to push | 推 (tuei1) | tʰuəi³¹ |
| 136 | to throw | 掉 (diao4) | tiɔ⁴⁴ |
| 137 | to tie | 綁／绑 (bang3) | pã²¹² |
| 138 | to sew | 縫／缝 (fen2) | fəŋ²⁴ |
| 139 | to count | 數／数 (su3) | su²¹² |
| 140 | to say | 說／说 (sho5), 講／讲 (jang3) | ʂoʔ⁵, tɕiã²¹² |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (chang4) | tʂʰã⁴⁴ |
| 142 | to play | 玩 (uang2) | uã²⁴ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (fu2) | fu²⁴ |
| 144 | to flow | 流 (liou2) | liəɯ²⁴ |
| 145 | to freeze | 上凍／上冻 (shang4 dong4), 結冰／结冰 (je5 bin1), 凍冰／冻冰 (dong4 bin1) | ʂã⁴⁴ toŋ⁴⁴, tɕieʔ⁵ pin³¹, toŋ⁴⁴ pin³¹ |
| 146 | to swell | 脹／胀 (zhang4) | tʂã⁴⁴ |
| 147 | sun | 太陽／太阳 (tä4 iang2) | tʰɛ⁴⁴ iã²⁴ |
| 148 | moon | 月亮 (üe5 liang4) | yeʔ⁵ liã⁴⁴ |
| 149 | star | 星星 (sin1 sin1) | sin³¹ sin⁰ |
| 150 | water | 水 (shuei3) | ʂuei²¹² |
| 151 | rain | 雨 (ü4) | y⁴⁴ |
| 152 | river | 河 (ho2) | xo²⁴ |
| 153 | lake | 湖 (hu2) | xu²⁴ |
| 154 | sea | 海 (hä3) | xɛ²¹² |
| 155 | salt | 鹽／盐 (iän2) | iɛn²⁴ |
| 156 | stone | 石頭／石头 (shr5 tou2) | ʂʅʔ⁵ tʰəɯ²⁴ |
| 157 | sand | 沙子 (sha1 zy3) | ʂa³¹ tsɿ⁰ |
| 158 | dust | 灰 (huei1) | xuəi³¹ |
| 159 | earth | 土 (tu3) | tʰu²¹² |
| 160 | cloud | 雲／云 (üin2) | yn²⁴ |
| 161 | fog | 霧／雾 (u4) | u⁴⁴ |
| 162 | sky | 天 (tiän1) | tʰiɛn³¹ |
| 163 | wind | 風／风 (fen4) | fəŋ⁴⁴ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 (süe5) | syeʔ⁵ |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (bin1) | pin³¹ |
| 166 | smoke | 煙／烟 (iän1) | iɛn³¹ |
| 167 | fire | 火 (ho3) | xo²¹² |
| 168 | ash | 灰 (huei1) | xuəi³¹ |
| 169 | to burn | 燒／烧 (shao1) | ʂɔ³¹ |
| 170 | road | 路 (lu4) | lu⁴⁴ |
| 171 | mountain | 山 (shang1) | ʂã³¹ |
| 172 | red | 紅／红 (hong2) | xoŋ²⁴ |
| 173 | green | 綠／绿 (lu5) | luʔ⁵ |
| 174 | yellow | 黃／黄 (huang2) | xuã²⁴ |
| 175 | white | 白 (bä5) | pɛʔ⁵ |
| 176 | black | 黑 (hä5) | xɛʔ⁵ |
| 177 | night | 晚上 (uang3 shang4) | uã²¹² ʂã⁰ |
| 178 | day | 白天 (bä5 tiän1) | pɛʔ⁵ tʰiɛn³¹ |
| 179 | year | 年 (liän2) | liɛn²⁴ |
| 180 | warm | 暖和 (luang3 ho2) | luã²¹² xo⁰ |
| 181 | cold | 冷 (len3) | ləŋ²¹² |
| 182 | full | 滿／满 (mang3) | mã²¹² |
| 183 | new | 新 (sin1) | sin³¹ |
| 184 | old | 老 (lao3) (of high age), 舊／旧 (jou4) (of high age) | lɔ²¹², tɕəɯ⁴⁴ |
| 185 | good | 好 (hao3) | xɔ²¹² |
| 186 | bad | 壞／坏 (huä4), 賴／赖 (lä4), 孬 (lao1) | xuɛ⁴⁴, lɛ⁴⁴, lɔ³¹ |
| 187 | rotten | 爛／烂 (lang4) | lã⁴⁴ |
| 188 | dirty | 髒／脏 (zang1) | tsã³¹ |
| 189 | straight | 直 (zhr5) | tʂʅʔ⁵ |
| 190 | round | 圓／圆 (üän2) | yɛn²⁴ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 快 (kuä4) | kʰuɛ⁴⁴ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍／钝 (duen4) | tuəŋ⁴⁴ |
| 193 | smooth | 滑 (hua5) | xuaʔ⁵ |
| 194 | wet | 潮 (chao2) | ʈʂʰɔ²⁴ |
| 195 | dry | 乾／干 (gang1) | kã³¹ |
| 196 | correct | 對／对 (duei4) | tuəi⁴⁴ |
| 197 | near | 近 (jin4) | tɕin⁴⁴ |
| 198 | far | 遠／远 (üän3) | yɛn²¹² |
| 199 | right | 右 (iou4) | iəɯ⁴⁴ |
| 200 | left | 左 (zo3) | tso²¹² |
| 201 | at | 在 (zä4) | tsɛ⁴⁴ |
| 202 | in | 在 (zä4) | tsɛ⁴⁴ |
| 203 | with | 告 (gao4), 跟 (gen1) | kɔ⁴⁴, kən³¹ |
| 204 | and | 告 (gao4), 跟 (gen1) | kɔ⁴⁴, kən³¹ |
| 205 | if | 假如 (ja3 ru2) | tɕia²¹² ʐu²⁴ |
| 206 | because | 因爲／因为 (in1 uei2) | in³¹ uəi²⁴ |
| 207 | name | 名字 (min2 zy4) | min²⁴ tsɿ⁰ |
Sources[edit]
- 劉丹青 南京方言詞典
See also[edit]
- Langjin Pinin
- Appendix:Mandarin Swadesh lists
- Appendix:Standard Mandarin Swadesh list
- Appendix:Sichuanese Swadesh list