Appendix:Hittite Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in English and Hittite.
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Hittite ๐๐ ๐ท (nesili) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ลซk |
| 2 | you (singular) | zฤซk |
| 3 | he | -as |
| 4 | we | wฤs |
| 5 | you (plural) | sumฤs |
| 6 | they | -e |
| 7 | this | kฤs |
| 8 | that | apฤs |
| 9 | here | kฤ |
| 10 | there | apiya |
| 11 | who | kuis |
| 12 | what | kuit |
| 13 | where | kuwapi |
| 14 | when | kuwapi |
| 15 | how | mฤhhan |
| 16 | not | ๐พ๐๐ซ (natta) |
| 17 | all | hลซmantes |
| 18 | many | mฤkkies |
| 19 | some | kuiesqa |
| 20 | few | tฤpawes |
| 21 | other | damais |
| 22 | one | *ฤs |
| 23 | two | dฤn |
| 24 | three | tฤries |
| 25 | four | meyawes |
| 26 | five | - |
| 27 | big | ๐ฉ๐ท๐ (sallis) |
| 28 | long | dalukis |
| 29 | wide | ๐๐ญ๐ (palแธซis) |
| 30 | thick | - |
| 31 | heavy | suwฤrus, ๐พ๐๐ ๐ (nakkis) |
| 32 | small | kappis |
| 33 | short | manninkuwanz |
| 34 | narrow | hatkus |
| 35 | thin | maklanz |
| 36 | woman | *kuwanz |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
| 38 | man (human being) | antuhsas |
| 39 | child | hฤssas |
| 40 | wife | *kuwanz |
| 41 | husband | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
| 42 | mother | ๐ญ๐พ๐ธ (annas) |
| 43 | father | ๐๐ซ๐ธ (attas) |
| 44 | animal | suppalas |
| 45 | fish | ๐ฆ๐ท๐๐ฟ๐ฟ๐๐ธ (parแธซลซwayas) (gen. sg.) |
| 46 | bird | suwais (?) |
| 47 | dog | kuwas (?) |
| 48 | louse | - |
| 49 | snake | - |
| 50 | worm | - |
| 51 | tree | tฤru |
| 52 | forest | tiessar |
| 53 | stick | ๐บ๐ช๐ญ๐ (paแธซแธซin) (?) |
| 54 | fruit | sesan |
| 55 | seed | warwalan |
| 56 | leaf | hurpastas |
| 57 | root | sลซrkas |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | - |
| 59 | flower | alil |
| 60 | grass | wฤlku |
| 61 | rope | ishimas |
| 62 | skin | - |
| 63 | meat | - |
| 64 | blood | eshฤr |
| 65 | bone | hastฤi |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sakan |
| 67 | egg | - |
| 68 | horn | karฤwar |
| 69 | tail | sisai (?) |
| 70 | feather | - |
| 71 | hair | tetanas |
| 72 | head | harsar |
| 73 | ear | istฤman |
| 74 | eye | ๐ฒ๐ญ๐๐ (sakaui-is) |
| 75 | nose | tititan |
| 76 | mouth | ais, iss- |
| 77 | tooth | gagas |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lalas |
| 79 | fingernail | kaddu (?) |
| 80 | foot | ๐๐ธ (patas) |
| 81 | leg | egdu |
| 82 | knee | gฤnu |
| 83 | hand | kissar |
| 84 | wing | ๐ฆ๐ซ๐๐ฟ๐ (pรกrtauwar), ๐๐ป (pรกttar) |
| 85 | belly | sarhuwanz |
| 86 | guts | garates |
| 87 | neck | kuttar (?) |
| 88 | back | iskis |
| 89 | breast | tฤtan |
| 90 | heart | ๐ ๐ (kir) |
| 91 | liver | lissi |
| 92 | to drink | ekuzi |
| 93 | to eat | ฤzzi |
| 94 | to bite | wฤki |
| 95 | to suck | u(n)hzi |
| 96 | to spit | allappahhi |
| 97 | to vomit | - |
| 98 | to blow | ๐บ๐๐๐ฟ (parฤi) |
| 99 | to breathe | - |
| 100 | to laugh | halwammar |
| 101 | to see | auszi, ๐๐ช๐ญ (uแธซแธซi) |
| 102 | to hear | istamaszi |
| 103 | to know | ๐ญ๐๐๐ (sฤkki) |
| 104 | to think | - |
| 105 | to smell | - |
| 106 | to fear | nฤhi |
| 107 | to sleep | seszi |
| 108 | to live | huiszi |
| 109 | to die | aki |
| 110 | to kill | kuฤnzi |
| 111 | to fight | hullezzi |
| 112 | to hunt | huwarniskezzi |
| 113 | to hit | walhzi |
| 114 | to cut | kuฤrzi |
| 115 | to split | iskallai |
| 116 | to stab | iskฤri |
| 117 | to scratch | *arrirrai |
| 118 | to dig | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรกddฤi) |
| 119 | to swim | - |
| 120 | to fly | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรญddฤi) |
| 121 | to walk | ๐ฟ๐ฟ๐๐ซ๐ซ (iyatta) |
| 122 | to come | uฤzzi |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | kitta |
| 124 | to sit | ฤsa |
| 125 | to stand | arta |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | wehzi, nฤa |
| 127 | to fall | mauszi |
| 128 | to give | ๐บ๐๐ฟ (pฤi) |
| 129 | to hold | harzi |
| 130 | to squeeze | ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ฃ (sฤซezzi) |
| 131 | to rub | ๐๐๐ฃ (peszi) |
| 132 | to wash | ฤrri, warpzi |
| 133 | to wipe | fshin |
| 134 | to pull | huettiezzi |
| 135 | to push | suwezzi |
| 136 | to throw | ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฃ (pesiezi), ลซssiezzi |
| 137 | to tie | ishai, hamanki |
| 138 | to sew | - |
| 139 | to count | kappuezzi |
| 140 | to say | tฤzzi |
| 141 | to sing | ishamai |
| 142 | to play | duskzi, hinganiskezzi |
| 143 | to float | - |
| 144 | to flow | ฤrszi |
| 145 | to freeze | ekฤizzi |
| 146 | to swell | suwattari |
| 147 | sun | istanus |
| 148 | moon | armas |
| 149 | star | hastฤrz |
| 150 | water | ๐ฟ๐๐ป (wa-a-tar) |
| 151 | rain | hฤus |
| 152 | river | hapas |
| 153 | lake | lulis (?) |
| 154 | sea | arunas |
| 155 | salt | - |
| 156 | stone | ๐บ๐ธ๐ ๐ท๐ธ (passilas) |
| 157 | sand | - |
| 158 | dust | - |
| 159 | earth | tฤkan |
| 160 | cloud | alpฤs |
| 161 | fog | kammaras |
| 162 | sky | ๐๐๐๐ (nฤpis) |
| 163 | wind | huwanz |
| 164 | snow | - |
| 165 | ice | ekan |
| 166 | smoke | tuhhuwais |
| 167 | fire | ๐บ๐ช๐ฏ (paแธซแธซur) |
| 168 | ash | hฤs, hฤss- |
| 169 | to burn | urฤni |
| 170 | road | ๐๐ธ (palsas) |
| 171 | mountain | - |
| 172 | red | mitas |
| 173 | green | hahlawanz |
| 174 | yellow | hahlawanz |
| 175 | white | harkis |
| 176 | black | hanzanas, dankuis |
| 177 | night | ispanz |
| 178 | day | sฤซwaz |
| 179 | year | wฤซz |
| 180 | warm | ฤnz |
| 181 | cold | ekunanz |
| 182 | full | suus |
| 183 | new | nฤwas |
| 184 | old | miyahwanz |
| 185 | good | ฤssus |
| 186 | bad | idฤlus |
| 187 | rotten | harranz |
| 188 | dirty | iskunanz |
| 189 | straight | - |
| 190 | round | - |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | alpus |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | alpanz |
| 193 | smooth | mius |
| 194 | wet | hurniyanz |
| 195 | dry | hฤtanz |
| 196 | correct | ฤra |
| 197 | near | manninkuwanz |
| 198 | far | duwฤn |
| 199 | right | kunnas |
| 200 | left | - |
| 201 | at | - |
| 202 | in | andan |
| 203 | with | katti- |
| 204 | and | -Ca, -ya |
| 205 | if | takku |
| 206 | because | kuit |
| 207 | name | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ (lฤman) |