Appendix:Gan Swadesh list
This is an Swadesh list of words in English and Gan. At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Gan 贛語 |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 我 | IPA: ŋo |
| 2 | you (singular) | 汝 | IPA: n̩ |
| 3 | he | 渠 | IPA: ʨiɛ |
| 4 | we | 我俚 | IPA: ŋo li |
| 5 | you (plural) | 汝俚 | IPA: n̩ li |
| 6 | they | 渠俚 | IPA: ʨiɛ li |
| 7 | this | 箇 | IPA: ko |
| 8 | that | 許 | IPA: he |
| 9 | here | 箇首 | IPA: ko ɕiu |
| 10 | there | 許首 | IPA: he ɕiu |
| 11 | who | 何個 | IPA: ho ko |
| 12 | what | 什哩 | IPA: ɕi li |
| 13 | where | 何首 | IPA: ho ɕiu |
| 14 | when | 幾時 | IPA: ʨi sɿ |
| 15 | how | 啷 | IPA: lɔŋ |
| 16 | not | 不, 冇, 莫 | IPA: put, mau, mok |
| 17 | all | 齊, 攏共 | IPA: ʨʰi, luŋ kʰuŋ |
| 18 | many | 蠻多 | IPA: man to |
| 19 | some | 隻把子 | IPA: ʦak pa ʦɿ |
| 20 | few | 滴滴子 | IPA: tiak tiak ʦɿ |
| 21 | other | 別嗰 | IPA: pʰiɛt ko |
| 22 | one | 一 | IPA: it |
| 23 | two | 二 | IPA: o |
| 24 | three | 三 | IPA: san |
| 25 | four | 四 | IPA: sɿ |
| 26 | five | 五 | IPA: ŋ̍ |
| 27 | big | 大 | IPA: tʰai |
| 28 | long | 莽 | IPA: maŋ |
| 29 | wide | 闊 | IPA: kʰuot |
| 30 | thick | 厚 | IPA: hɛu |
| 31 | heavy | 重 | IPA: ʦʰuŋ |
| 32 | small | 細 | IPA: ɕi |
| 33 | short | 短 | IPA: ton |
| 34 | narrow | 狹 | IPA: hat |
| 35 | thin | 薄 | IPA: pʰok |
| 36 | woman | 女客 | IPA: ɳi kʰak |
| 37 | man (male) | 男客 | IPA: lan kʰak |
| 38 | man (human) | 人 | IPA: ɳin |
| 39 | child | 細鬼 | IPA: ɕi kui |
| 40 | wife | 老婆 | IPA: lau pʰo |
| 41 | husband | 老公 | IPA: lau kuŋ |
| 42 | mother | 娘 | IPA: ɳiɔŋ |
| 43 | father | 爺 | IPA: ia |
| 44 | animal | 頭牲 | IPA: tʰɛu saŋ |
| 45 | fish | 魚 | IPA: ɳiɛ |
| 46 | bird | 雀子 | IPA: ʨʰiok ʦɿ |
| 47 | dog | 狗 | IPA: kiɛu |
| 48 | louse | 蝨 | IPA: sɛt |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 | IPA: sa |
| 50 | worm | 蟲蟻子 | IPA: ʦʰuŋ ɳi ʦɿ |
| 51 | tree | 樹 | IPA: su |
| 52 | forest | 林子 | IPA: lin ʦɿ |
| 53 | stick | 樹杪子 | IPA: su miɛu ʦɿ |
| 54 | fruit | 果子 | IPA: kuo ʦɿ |
| 55 | seed | 種子 | IPA: ʦuŋ ʦɿ |
| 56 | leaf | 葉子, 箬 | IPA: iɛt ʦɿ, iok |
| 57 | root | 蔸 | IPA: tɛu |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮 | IPA: su pʰi |
| 59 | flower | 花 | IPA: fa |
| 60 | grass | 草 | IPA: ʦʰau |
| 61 | rope | 繩子, 索 | IPA: sɿn ʦɿ, sok |
| 62 | skin | 皮 | IPA: pʰi |
| 63 | meat | 肉 | IPA: ɳiuk |
| 64 | blood | 血, 衁 | IPA: ɕiot, uɔŋ |
| 65 | bone | 骨頭 | IPA: kut tʰɛu |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 肥肉 | IPA: fi ɳiuk |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 | IPA: tʰan |
| 68 | horn | 角 | IPA: kok |
| 69 | tail | 尾 | IPA: mi |
| 70 | feather | 雀子毛 | IPA: ʨʰiok ʦɿ mau |
| 71 | hair | 頭髮 | IPA: tʰɛu fat |
| 72 | head | 腦殼 | IPA: lau kʰok |
| 73 | ear | 耳刀 | IPA: o tau |
| 74 | eye | 眼 | IPA: ŋan |
| 75 | nose | 鼻公 | IPA: pʰit kuŋ |
| 76 | mouth | 口 | IPA: kʰiɛu |
| 77 | tooth | 牙 | IPA: ŋa |
| 78 | tongue | 舌頭, 招財 | IPA: sɛt tʰɛu, ʦɛu ʦʰai |
| 79 | fingernail | 指甲子 | IPA: ʨiɛt kat ʦɿ |
| 80 | foot | 腳股 | IPA: ʨiok ku |
| 81 | leg | 腳髈骨 | IPA: ʨiok pʰaŋ kut |
| 82 | knee | 髂膝 | IPA: kʰiɛt sɛt |
| 83 | hand | 手 | IPA: ɕiu |
| 84 | wing | 翼膀, 翅胛 | IPA: iɛk pɔŋ, ʦʰɿ kat |
| 85 | belly | 肚哩 | IPA: tʰu li |
| 86 | guts | 腸 | IPA: ʦʰɔŋ |
| 87 | neck | 頸 | IPA: ʨiaŋ |
| 88 | back | 背脊 | IPA: pi ʨiak |
| 89 | breast | 胸脯 | IPA: ɕiuŋ pʰu |
| 90 | heart | 心 | IPA: ɕin |
| 91 | liver | 肝 | IPA: kon |
| 92 | to drink | 喫 | IPA: ʨʰiak |
| 93 | to eat | 喫 | IPA: ʨʰiak |
| 94 | to bite | 齰 | IPA: tɛ |
| 95 | to suck | 㗱 | IPA: ʨit |
| 96 | to spit | 呸 | IPA: pʰui |
| 97 | to vomit | 嘔 | IPA: ŋiɛu |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 | IPA: ʦʰui |
| 99 | to breathe | 敨氣 | IPA: tʰɛu ʨʰi |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 | IPA: ɕiɛu |
| 101 | to see | 望 | IPA: mɔŋ |
| 102 | to hear | 聽 | IPA: tʰiaŋ |
| 103 | to know | 曉得 | IPA: ɕiɛu tɛt |
| 104 | to think | 想 | IPA: ɕiɔŋ |
| 105 | to smell | 嗅 | IPA: ɕiuŋ |
| 106 | to fear | 怫 | IPA: fɔt |
| 107 | to sleep | 睏 | IPA: kʰun |
| 108 | to live | 活 | IPA: uot |
| 109 | to die | 死 | IPA: sɿ |
| 110 | to kill | 殺 | IPA: sat |
| 111 | to fight | 挭仗 | IPA: kaŋ ʦɔŋ |
| 112 | to hunt | 打 | IPA: ta |
| 113 | to hit | 搕 | IPA: kʰok |
| 114 | to cut | 鋸 | IPA: kiɛ |
| 115 | to split | 坼 | IPA: ʦʰak |
| 116 | to stab | 厾 | IPA: tuk |
| 117 | to scratch | 搲 | IPA: ua |
| 118 | to dig | 𠞭 | IPA: lɛu |
| 119 | to swim | 頑水 | IPA: uan sui |
| 120 | to fly | 飛 | IPA: fi |
| 121 | to walk | 行, 走 | IPA: haŋ, ʦɛu |
| 122 | to come | 來 | IPA: lai |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 睏 | IPA: kʰun |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 | IPA: ʦʰo |
| 125 | to stand | 徛 | IPA: ʨʰi |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 兜 | IPA: tɛu |
| 127 | to fall | 跌 | IPA: tiɛt |
| 128 | to give | 搦 | IPA: lak |
| 129 | to hold | 掯 | IPA: kʰiɛn |
| 130 | to squeeze | 捩 | IPA: liɛt |
| 131 | to rub | 捼 | IPA: lo |
| 132 | to wash | 洗 | IPA: ɕi |
| 133 | to wipe | 抹 | IPA: mot |
| 134 | to pull | 擆 | IPA: tɛ |
| 135 | to push | 㩳 | IPA: suŋ |
| 136 | to throw | 掟 | IPA: tiaŋ |
| 137 | to tie | 緹 | IPA: tʰiak |
| 138 | to sew | 縺 | IPA: liɛn |
| 139 | to count | 數 | IPA: su |
| 140 | to say | 話 | IPA: ua |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 | IPA: ʦʰɔŋ |
| 142 | to play | 𩑃 | IPA: ȵiɛk |
| 143 | to float | 泡 | IPA: pʰau |
| 144 | to flow | 流 | IPA: liu |
| 145 | to freeze | 淩 | IPA: lɛn |
| 146 | to swell | 膨 | IPA: ɕiuŋ |
| 147 | sun | 日頭 | IPA: ɳit tʰɛu |
| 148 | moon | 月光 | IPA: ɳiot kuɔŋ |
| 149 | star | 星子 | IPA: ɕiaŋ ʦɿ |
| 150 | water | 水 | IPA: sui |
| 151 | rain | 雨 | IPA: i |
| 152 | river | 河 | IPA: ho |
| 153 | lake | 湖 | IPA: u |
| 154 | sea | 海 | IPA: hai |
| 155 | salt | 鹽 | IPA: iɛn |
| 156 | stone | 石 | IPA: sak |
| 157 | sand | 沙 | IPA: sa |
| 158 | dust | 灰 | IPA: fi |
| 159 | earth | 地 | IPA: tʰi |
| 160 | cloud | 雲 | IPA: in |
| 161 | fog | 霧 | IPA: u |
| 162 | sky | 天 | IPA: tʰiɛn |
| 163 | wind | 風 | IPA: fuŋ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 | IPA: ɕiot |
| 165 | ice | 冰 | IPA: pin |
| 166 | smoke | 煙 | IPA: iɛn |
| 167 | fire | 火 | IPA: fo |
| 168 | ash | 灰 | IPA: fi |
| 169 | to burn | 燎 | IPA: liɛu |
| 170 | road | 路 | IPA: lu |
| 171 | mountain | 山 | IPA: san |
| 172 | red | 紅 | IPA: fuŋ |
| 173 | green | 綠 | IPA: liuk |
| 174 | yellow | 黃 | IPA: uɔŋ |
| 175 | white | 白 | IPA: pʰak |
| 176 | black | 烏 | IPA: u |
| 177 | night | 夜裡 | IPA: ia li |
| 178 | day | 日上 | IPA: ɳit sɔŋ |
| 179 | year | 年 | IPA: ɳiɛn |
| 180 | warm | 熱和 | IPA: lɛt fo |
| 181 | cold | 寒, 冷 | IPA: hon, laŋ |
| 182 | full | 滿 | IPA: mon |
| 183 | new | 新 | IPA: ɕin |
| 184 | old | 舊 | IPA: ʨʰiu |
| 185 | good | 靚 | IPA: ʨiɛn |
| 186 | bad | 萬 | IPA: uan |
| 187 | rotten | 餲爛 | IPA: ŋok lan |
| 188 | dirty | 厊厏 | IPA: ŋa ʦa |
| 189 | straight | 筆直 | IPA: pit ʦʰɿt |
| 190 | round | 圞圓 | IPA: lo yon |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 飛快 | IPA: fi kʰuai |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 寡淡 | IPA: kuat tʰan |
| 193 | smooth | 噠滑 | IPA: tat uat |
| 194 | wet | 辣濕 | IPA: lat sɿt |
| 195 | dry | 燋乾 | IPA: ʨiɛu kon |
| 196 | correct | 對頭 | IPA: tui tʰɛu |
| 197 | near | 團近 | IPA: tʰon ʨʰin |
| 198 | far | 老遠 | IPA: lau yon |
| 199 | right | 右首 | IPA: iu ɕiu |
| 200 | left | 左首 | IPA: ʦo ɕiu |
| 201 | at | 到, 在 | IPA: tau, ʦʰɛ |
| 202 | in | 裡首 | IPA: li ɕiu |
| 203 | with | 同到 | IPA: tʰuŋ tau |
| 204 | and | 跟 | IPA: kiɛn |
| 205 | if | 要係 | IPA: iɛu ɕi |
| 206 | because | 因為 | IPA: in ui |
| 207 | name | 名 | IPA: miaŋ |
- Pronunciation :
The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation in Nanchang. Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the shown pronunciation.