Appendix:Korean Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in English and Korean.
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Korean 한국어 (Hangugeo) |
Transcription (Revised Romanization of Korean) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 저, 나 | jeo, na (familiar) |
| 2 | you (singular) | 너 | neo (familiar) |
| 3 | he | 그, 그녀 | geu, geunyeo (female) |
| 4 | we | 저희, 우리 | jeohui, uri (familiar) |
| 5 | you (plural) | 너희들 | neohuideul (familiar) |
| 6 | they | 그들, 그녀들 | geudeul, geunyeodeul (female) |
| 7 | this | 이- | i- |
| 8 | that | 그-, 저- | geu- (medial), jeo- (distal) |
| 9 | here | 여기, 이곳 | yeogi, igot |
| 10 | there | 거기, 저기, 그곳, 저곳 | geogi, jeogi, geugot, jeogot |
| 11 | who | 누구 | nugu |
| 12 | what | 무엇 | mueot |
| 13 | where | 어디 | eodi |
| 14 | when | 언제 | eonje |
| 15 | how | 어떻게 | eotteohge |
| 16 | not | -아니다, 안-, 아니- | -anida, an-, ani- |
| 17 | all | 모든, 모두 | [adj.] modeun, [adv.] modu |
| 18 | many | 많은 | manheun (adjective form of manh-da) |
| 19 | some | 어떤 | eotteon |
| 20 | few | 조금 | jogeum |
| 21 | other | 다른 | dareun |
| 22 | one | 하나, 한- | hana, han- |
| 23 | two | 둘, 두- | dul, du- |
| 24 | three | 셋, 세- | set, se- |
| 25 | four | 넷, 네- | net, ne- |
| 26 | five | 다섯 | daseot |
| 27 | big | 크다 | keu-da |
| 28 | long | 길다 | gil-da |
| 29 | wide | 넓다 | neob-da |
| 30 | thick | 두껍다 | dukkeob-da |
| 31 | heavy | 무겁다 | mugeob-da |
| 32 | small | 작다 | jak-da |
| 33 | short | 짧다 | jjalb-da |
| 34 | narrow | 좁다 | job-da |
| 35 | thin | 얇다 | yalb-da |
| 36 | woman | 여자, 계집, 암컷 | yeoja (Chinese), gyejip (disrespectful), amkeot ("female," as of an animal) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 남자, 사내, 사나이, 수컷 | namja (Chinese), sanae (disrespectful), sanai, sukeot ("male," as of an animal) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 사람 | saram |
| 39 | child | 어린이, 아이, 애 | eorini, ai, ae |
| 40 | wife | 아내, 마누라 | anae, manura |
| 41 | husband | 남편, 사내 | nampyeon (Chinese), sanae (disrespectful) |
| 42 | mother | 어머니, 엄마 | eomeoni, eomma |
| 43 | father | 아버지, 아빠 | abeoji, abba |
| 44 | animal | 짐승 | jimseung |
| 45 | fish | 물고기 | mulgogi |
| 46 | bird | 새 | sae |
| 47 | dog | 개 | gae |
| 48 | louse | 이 | i |
| 49 | snake | 뱀 | baem |
| 50 | worm | 벌레 | beolre |
| 51 | tree | 나무 | namu |
| 52 | forest | 숲 | sup |
| 53 | stick | 막대기 | makdaegi |
| 54 | fruit | 과일 | gwail |
| 55 | seed | 씨 | ssi |
| 56 | leaf | 잎 | ip |
| 57 | root | 뿌리 | ppuri |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 나무껍질 | namukkeopjil |
| 59 | flower | 꽃 | kkot |
| 60 | grass | 풀, 잔디 | pul, jandi |
| 61 | rope | 밧줄 | batjul |
| 62 | skin | 살갗 | salgat |
| 63 | meat | 살, 고기 | sal, gogi |
| 64 | blood | 피 | pi |
| 65 | bone | 뼈 | ppyeo |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 기름 | gireum |
| 67 | egg | 알 | al |
| 68 | horn | 뿔 | ppul |
| 69 | tail | 꼬리 | kkori |
| 70 | feather | 깃털 | gitteol |
| 71 | hair | 털 | teol |
| 72 | head | 머리 | meori |
| 73 | ear | 귀 | gwi |
| 74 | eye | 눈 | nun |
| 75 | nose | 코 | ko |
| 76 | mouth | 입 | ip |
| 77 | tooth | 이 | i |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 혀 | hyeo |
| 79 | fingernail | 손톱 | sontop |
| 80 | foot | 발 | bal |
| 81 | leg | 다리 | dari |
| 82 | knee | 무릎 | mureup |
| 83 | hand | 손 | son |
| 84 | wing | 날개 | nalgae |
| 85 | belly | 배 | bae |
| 86 | guts | 애 | ae |
| 87 | neck | 목 | mok |
| 88 | back | 등 | deung |
| 89 | breast | 가슴 | gaseum |
| 90 | heart | 염통 | yeomtong |
| 91 | liver | 간 | gan (Chinese) |
| 92 | to drink | 마시다 | masi-da |
| 93 | to eat | 먹다 | meok-da |
| 94 | to bite | 물다 | mul-da |
| 95 | to suck | 빨다 | ppal-da |
| 96 | to spit | 침뱉다 | chim-baet-da |
| 97 | to vomit | 게우다 | ge-u-da |
| 98 | to blow | 불다 | bul-da |
| 99 | to breathe | 숨쉬다 | sum-swi-da |
| 100 | to laugh | 웃다 | ut-da |
| 101 | to see | 보다 | bo-da |
| 102 | to hear | 듣다 | deut-da |
| 103 | to know | 알다 | al-da |
| 104 | to think | 생각하다 | saenggak-ha-da |
| 105 | smell (noun) | 냄새 | naemsae |
| 106 | fear (noun) | 두려움, 무서움 | duryeoum, museoum |
| 107 | to sleep | 자다 | ja-da |
| 108 | to live | 살다 | sal-da |
| 109 | to die | 죽다 | juk-da |
| 110 | to kill | 죽이다 | juki-da |
| 111 | to fight | 싸우다 | ssau-da |
| 112 | to hunt | 사냥하다 | sanyang-ha-da |
| 113 | to hit | 치다, 때리다 | chi-da, ttaeri-da |
| 114 | to cut | 베다 | be-da |
| 115 | to split | 갈라지다 | gallaji-da |
| 116 | to stab | 찌르다 | jjireu-da |
| 117 | to scratch | 비비다, 긁다 | bibi-da, geulk-da |
| 118 | to dig | 파다 | pa-da |
| 119 | to swim | 헤엄치다 | he-eom-chi-da |
| 120 | to fly | 날다 | nal-da |
| 121 | to walk | 걷다 | geot-da |
| 122 | to come | 오다 | o-da |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 눕다 | nub-da |
| 124 | to sit | 앉다 | ant-da |
| 125 | to stand | 서다 | seo-da |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 돌다 | dol-da |
| 127 | to fall | 떨어지다 | tteoleoji-da |
| 128 | to give | 주다 | ju-da |
| 129 | to hold | 잡다, 붙잡다 | jab-da, butjab-da |
| 130 | to squeeze | 짜다 | jja-da |
| 131 | to rub | 문지르다 | munjilreu-da |
| 132 | to wash | 빨다, 씻다 | ppal-da, ssit-da |
| 133 | to wipe | 닦다 | dakk-da |
| 134 | to pull | 끌다 | kkeul-da |
| 135 | to push | 밀다 | mil-da |
| 136 | to throw | 던지다 | deonji-da |
| 137 | to tie | 매다 | mae-da |
| 138 | to sew | 꿰매다 | kkwemae-da |
| 139 | to count | 세다 | se-da |
| 140 | to say | 말하다 | mal-ha-da |
| 141 | to sing | 노래하다, 부르다 | norae-ha-da, bureu-da |
| 142 | to play | 놀다 | nol-da |
| 143 | to float | 뜨다 | tteu-da |
| 144 | to flow | 흐르다 | heureu-da |
| 145 | to freeze | 얼다 | eol-da |
| 146 | to swell | 붓다 | but-da |
| 147 | sun | 해 | hae |
| 148 | moon | 달 | dal |
| 149 | star | 별 | byeol |
| 150 | water | 물 | mul |
| 151 | rain | 비 | bi |
| 152 | river | 내 | nae |
| 153 | lake | 못 | mot |
| 154 | sea | 바다 | bada |
| 155 | salt | 소금 | sogeum |
| 156 | stone | 돌, 바위 | dol, bawi |
| 157 | sand | 모래 | morae |
| 158 | dust | 먼지 | meonji |
| 159 | earth (soil) | 흙 | heulk |
| 160 | cloud | 구름 | gureum |
| 161 | fog | 안개 | angae |
| 162 | sky | 하늘 | haneul |
| 163 | wind | 바람 | baram |
| 164 | snow | 눈 | nun |
| 165 | ice | 얼음 | eoleum |
| 166 | smoke | 연기, 내 | yeon'gi (Chinese), nae |
| 167 | fire | 불 | bul |
| 168 | ash | 재 | jae |
| 169 | to burn | 타다 | ta-da |
| 170 | road | 길 | gil |
| 171 | mountain | 산, 메, 언덕 | san (Chinese), me, eondeok |
| 172 | red | 빨강, 붉다 | ppalgan, bulk-da |
| 173 | green | 초록, 푸르다 | chorok (Chinese), pureu-da |
| 174 | yellow | 노랑, 노랗다 | norang, norah-da |
| 175 | white | 희다 | hui-da |
| 176 | black | 검정, 검다, 까맣다 | geomjeong, geom-da, kkamag-da |
| 177 | night | 밤 | bam |
| 178 | day | 하루, 낮 | haru, nat |
| 179 | year | 해 | hae |
| 180 | warm | 따뜻하다 | tta-tteut-ha-da |
| 181 | cold | 차다, 춥다 | cha-da (said of a tangible object), chub-da (said of the weather) |
| 182 | full | 차다, 부르다, 가득 | cha-da, bureu-da (said of one's stomach, i.e. to be satiated), [adv.] gadeuk |
| 183 | new | 새-, 새롭다 | sae-, saerob-da |
| 184 | old | 옛-, 오래되다 | yet-, oraedoe-da |
| 185 | good | 좋다 | joh-da |
| 186 | bad | 나쁘다 | nappeu-da |
| 187 | rotten | 썩다 | sseok-da |
| 188 | dirty | 더럽다 | deoreob-da |
| 189 | straight | 곧다 | got-da |
| 190 | round | 둥글다 | dunggeul-da |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 뽀족하다, 날카롭다 | ppojok-ha-da, nalkarob-da |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 무디다 | mudi-da |
| 193 | smooth | 부드럽다 | budeureob-da |
| 194 | wet | 젖다 | jeot-da |
| 195 | dry | 마르다 | mareu-da |
| 196 | correct | 바르다, 맞다 | bareu-da, mat-da |
| 197 | near | 가깝다 | gakkab-da |
| 198 | far | 멀다 | meol-da |
| 199 | right | 오른쪽 | oreun(jjok) |
| 200 | left | 왼쪽 | oen(jjok) |
| 201 | at | -에서 | -eseo |
| 202 | in | -에, -안에 | -e, -ane |
| 203 | with | -와, -하고 | -wa, -hago |
| 204 | and | 그리고 | geurigo |
| 205 | if | 만약--한다면, 만약에 | manyak--handamyeon, manyagae |
| 206 | because | 때문에 | ddaemune |
| 207 | name | 이름 | ireum |