Appendix:Burmese Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in English and Burmese.
Contents |
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Burmese မြန်မာစာ |
IPA | Romanization |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ငါ, ကျုပ် (informal)[1] | ŋà, tɕoʊʔ | nga, kyok |
| 2 | you sg | နင်, မင်း (informal)[2] | nɪ̀ɴ, mɪ́ɴ | nin, min: |
| 3 | he | သူ | θù | thu |
| 4 | we | တို့, ကျုပ်တို့ | do̰, tɕoʊtto̰ | do., kyokto. |
| 5 | you pl | နင်တို့ | nɪ̀ndo̰ | nindo. |
| 6 | they | သူတို့, သူများ | θùdo̰, θùmjá | thudo., thumya: |
| 7 | this | ဒါ, ဒီ[3] | dà, dì | da, di |
| 8 | that | ဟို, ထို | hò, tʰò | ho, hto |
| 9 | here | ဒီမှာ[4] | dìm̥à | dihma |
| 10 | there | ဟိုမှာ, ထိုမှာ | hòm̥à, tʰòm̥à | hohma, htohma |
| 11 | who | ဘယ်သူ[5] | bəθù | băthu |
| 12 | what | ဘာ[6] | bà | ba |
| 13 | where | ဘယ်[7] | bɛ̀ | bè |
| 14 | when | ဘယ်တော့, ဘယ်တုန်းက | bɛ̀dɔ̰, bɛ̀dóʊŋɡa̰ | bèdaw., bèdoun:ga. |
| 15 | how | ဘယ်[8] | bɛ̀ | bè |
| 16 | not | မ...ဘူး | mə...bú | mă...bu: |
| 17 | all | အားလုံး | ʔálóʊɴ | a:loun: |
| 18 | many | များ, များကြီး | mjá, mjádʑí | mya:, mya:gyi: |
| 19 | some | အချို့ | ʔətɕʰo̰ | ăcho. |
| 20 | few | နည်း | nɛ́ | nè: |
| 21 | other | အခြား | ʔətɕʰá | ăcha: |
| 22 | one | တစ် | tɪʔ | tit |
| 23 | two | နှစ် | n̥ɪʔ | hnit |
| 24 | three | သုံး | θóʊɴ | thon: |
| 25 | four | လေး | lé | le: |
| 26 | five | ငါး | ŋá | nga: |
| 27 | big | ကြီး, ကြီးမား | tɕí, tɕímá | kyi:, kyi:ma: |
| 28 | long | ရှည်, ရှည်မျော | ʃè, ʃèmjɔ̀ | she, shemyaw |
| 29 | wide | ကျယ်, ကျယ်ဝန်း | tɕɛ̀, tɕɛ̀wʊ́ɴ | kyè, kyèwun: |
| 30 | thick | ထူထဲ | tʰùdɛ́ | htudè: |
| 31 | heavy | လေး, လေးလံ | lé, lélàɴ | le:, le:lan |
| 32 | small | သေး, နုပ် | θé, noʊʔ | the:, nok |
| 33 | short | ပု, တို | pṵ, tò | pu., to |
| 34 | narrow | ကျဉ်း, ကျဉ်းကျပ် | tɕɪ́ɴ, tɕɪ́ɲtɕaʔ | kyin:, kyin:kyat |
| 35 | thin | ပါး, ကျဲ | pá, tɕɛ́ | pa:, kyè: |
| 36 | woman | မိန်းမ[9] | méɪmma̰ | mein:ma. |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ယောက်ျား[10] | jaʊttɕá | yaukkya: |
| 38 | man (human being) | လူ | lù | lu |
| 39 | child | ကလေး | kʰəlé | hkăle: |
| 40 | wife | မယား[11] | məjá | măya: |
| 41 | husband | လင်[12] | lɪ̀ɴ | lin |
| 42 | mother | အမေ, အမိ ,[13] | ʔəmè, ʔəmḭ | ăme, ămi. |
| 43 | father | အဖေ, အဖ[14] | ʔəpʰè, ʔəpʰa̰ | ăhpe, ăhpa. |
| 44 | animal | တိရစ္ဆာန် | təɹeɪʔsʰàɴ | tăreikhsan |
| 45 | fish | ငါး | ŋá | nga: |
| 46 | bird | ငှက် | ŋ̊ɛʔ | hnget |
| 47 | dog | ခွေး | kʰwé | hkwe: |
| 48 | louse | သန်း | θáɴ | than: |
| 49 | snake | မြွေ | mwè | mwe |
| 50 | worm | တီကောင်, သန်ကောင် | tìɡàʊɴ, θàŋɡàʊɴ | tigaung, than-gaung |
| 51 | tree | သစ်ပင် | θɪppɪ̀ɴ | thitpin |
| 52 | forest | တော, သစ်တော | tɔ́, θɪttɔ́ | taw:, thittaw: |
| 53 | stick | တုတ် | doʊʔ | dok |
| 54 | fruit | သစ်သီး, အသီး | θɪtθí, ʔəθí | thitthi:, ăthi: |
| 55 | seed | အစေ့ | ʔəsḭ | ăsi. |
| 56 | leaf | အရွက် | ʔəjwɛʔ | ăywet |
| 57 | root | မြစ်, အမြစ် | mjɪʔ, ʔəmjɪʔ | myit, ămyit |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | အခေါက် | ʔəkʰaʊʔ | ăhkauk |
| 59 | flower | ပန်း, အပွင့် | páɴ, ʔəpwɪ̰ɴ | pan:, ăpwin. |
| 60 | grass | မြက် | mjɛʔ | myet |
| 61 | rope | ကြိုး, လွန် | tɕó, lʊ̀ɴ | kyo:, lun |
| 62 | skin | အရေအခွံ, အရေ | ʔəjèʔəɡʊ̀ɴ, ʔəjè | ăye-ăgun, ăye |
| 63 | meat | အသား | ʔəθá | ătha: |
| 64 | blood | သွေး | θwé | thwe: |
| 65 | bone | အရိုး | ʔəjó | ăyo: |
| 66 | fat (noun) | အဆီ | ʔəsʰì | ăhsi |
| 67 | egg | ဥ | ʔṵ | u. |
| 68 | horn | ချို, ဦးချို | dʑò, ʔúdʑò | gyo, u:gyo |
| 69 | tail | အမြီး | ʔəmí | ămi: |
| 70 | feather | အတောင် | ʔətàʊɴ | ătaung |
| 71 | hair | ဆံ or ဆံပင် (humans), အမွေး (animals) | sʰàɴ, sʰəbɪ̀ɴ, ʔəmwé | hsan, hsăbin, ămwe: |
| 72 | head | ခေါင်း | ɡáʊɴ | gaung: |
| 73 | ear | နား, နားရွက် | ná, nəjwɛʔ | na:, năywet |
| 74 | eye | မျက်စိ | mjɛʔsḭ | myetsi. |
| 75 | nose | နှာ, နှာခေါင်း | n̥à, n̥əkʰáʊɴ | hna, hnăhkaung: |
| 76 | mouth | ပါးစပ်, နှုတ် | pəzaʔ, n̥oʊʔ | păzat, hnok |
| 77 | tooth | သွား | θwá | thwa: |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | လျှာ | ʃà | sha |
| 79 | fingernail | လက်သည်း | lɛtθɛ́ | letthè: |
| 80 | foot | ခြေ | tɕʰè | che |
| 81 | leg | ခြေထောက်, အပေါင် | tɕʰèdaʊʔ, ʔəpàʊɴ | chedauk, ăpaung |
| 82 | knee | ဒူး, ဒူးခေါင်း | dú, dúɡáʊɴ | du:, du:gaung: |
| 83 | hand | လက် | lɛʔ | let |
| 84 | wing | တောင်ပံ | tàʊmbàɴ | taungban |
| 85 | belly | ဗိုက် | baɪʔ | baik |
| 86 | guts | အူ | ʔù | u |
| 87 | neck | လည်ပင်း | lɛ̀bɪ́ɴ | lèbin: |
| 88 | back | ကျော | tɕɔ́ | kyaw: |
| 89 | breast | ရင်, ရင်ဘတ် | jɪ̀ɴ, jɪ̀mbaʔ | yin, yinbat |
| 90 | heart | နှလုံး, အသည်းနှလုံး | n̥əlóʊɴ, ʔəθɛ́n̥əlóʊɴ | hnălon:, ăthè:hnălon: |
| 91 | liver | အသည်း, အူမကြီး | ʔəθɛ́, ùma̰dʑí | ăthè:, uma.gyiː |
| 92 | to drink | သောက် | θaʊʔ | thauk |
| 93 | to eat | စား | sá | sa: |
| 94 | to bite | ကိုက် | kaɪʔ | kaik |
| 95 | to suck | စုပ် | soʊʔ | sok |
| 96 | to spit | ထွေး | tʰwé | htwe: |
| 97 | to vomit | အန်, အော့ | ʔàɴ, ʔɔ̰ | an, aw. |
| 98 | to blow | မှုတ် | m̥oʊʔ | hmok |
| 99 | to breathe | ရှူ, ရှူရှိုက် | ʃù, ʃùʃaɪʔ | shu, shushaik |
| 100 | to laugh | ရယ် | jì | yi |
| 101 | to see | တွေ့, မြင် | twḛ, mjɪ̀ɴ | twe., myin |
| 102 | to hear | ကြား | tɕá | kya: |
| 103 | to know | သိ, တတ်, သိရှိ | θḭ, taʔ, θḭʃḭ | thi., tat, thi.shi. |
| 104 | to think | ထင်, တွေး, စဉ်းစား | tʰɪ̀ɴ, twé, sɪ́ɴzá | htin, twe:, sin:za: |
| 105 | to smell | နမ်း | náɴ | nan: |
| 106 | to fear | ကြောက် | tɕaʊʔ | kyauk |
| 107 | to sleep | အိပ် | ʔeɪʔ | eik |
| 108 | to live | အသက်ရှင်, နေ | ʔəθɛʔʃɪ̀ɴ, nè | ăthetshin, ne |
| 109 | to die | သေ, ဆုံး, ကွယ်လွန် | θè, sʰóʊɴ, kwɛ̀lʊ̀ɴ | the, hson:, kwèlun |
| 110 | to kill | သတ်, သတ်ဖြတ် | θaʔ, θappʰjaʔ | that, that-hpyat |
| 111 | to fight | တိုက်, ရန်ဖြစ် | taɪʔ, jàmpʰjɪʔ | taik, yanhpyit |
| 112 | to hunt | အမဲလိုက် | ʔəmɛ́laɪʔ | ămè:laik |
| 113 | to hit | ရိုက် | jaɪʔ | yaik |
| 114 | to cut | ညှပ် | ɲ̥aʔ | hnyat |
| 115 | to split | ခွဲ | kʰwɛ́ | hkwè: |
| 116 | to stab | ထိုး | tʰó | hto: |
| 117 | to scratch | ကုတ် | koʊʔ | kok |
| 118 | to dig | တူး | tú | tu: |
| 119 | to swim | ရေကူး | jèkú | yeku: |
| 120 | to fly | ပျံ | pjàɴ | pyan |
| 121 | to walk | လျှောက် | ʃaʊʔ | shauk |
| 122 | to come | လာ | là | la |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | လှဲ, လျောင်း | ɬɛ́, ljáʊɴ | hlè:, lyaung: |
| 124 | to sit | ထိုင် | tʰàɪɴ | htaing |
| 125 | to stand | ရပ် | jaʔ | yat |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | လှည့်, ချိုး | ɬɛ̰, tɕʰó | hlè., cho: |
| 127 | to fall | ကျ | tɕa̰ | kya. |
| 128 | to give | ပေး | pé | pe: |
| 129 | to hold | ကိုင် | kàɪɴ | kaing |
| 130 | to squeeze | ညှစ် | ɲ̥ɪʔ | hnyit |
| 131 | to rub | ပွတ် | pʊʔ | put |
| 132 | to wash | ဆေး | sʰé | hse: |
| 133 | to wipe | သုတ် | θoʊʔ | thok |
| 134 | to pull | ဆွဲ | sʰwɛ́ | hswè: |
| 135 | to push | တွန်း | tʊ́ɴ | tun: |
| 136 | to throw | ပစ် | pjɪʔ | pyit |
| 137 | to tie | ချည် | tɕʰì | chi |
| 138 | to sew | ချုပ် | tɕʰoʊʔ | chok |
| 139 | to count | ရေတွက် | jètwɛʔ | ye-twet |
| 140 | to say | ပြော, ဆို, ဟူ | pjɔ́, sʰò, hù | pyaw:, hso, hu |
| 141 | to sing | ဆို | sʰò | hso |
| 142 | to play | ဆော့, ကစား | sʰɔ̰, ɡəzá | hsaw., găza: |
| 143 | to float | မျော, ပေါ် | mjɔ́, pɔ̀ | myaw:, paw |
| 144 | to flow | စီး | sí | si: |
| 145 | to freeze | ခဲ | kʰɛ́ | hkè: |
| 146 | to swell | ဖူး, ရောင် | pʰú, jàʊɴ | hpu:, yaung |
| 147 | sun | နေ | nè | ne |
| 148 | moon | လ | la̰ | la. |
| 149 | star | ကြယ် | tɕɛ̀ | kyè |
| 150 | water | ရေ | jè | ye |
| 151 | rain | မိုး | mó | mo: |
| 152 | river | မြစ် | mjɪʔ | myit |
| 153 | lake | ကန်, အင်း | kàɴ, ʔɪ́ɴ | kan, in: |
| 154 | sea | ပင်လယ်, အဏ္ဏဝါ | pɪ̀nlɛ̀, ʔànnəwà | pinle, annăwa |
| 155 | salt | ဆား | sʰá | hsa: |
| 156 | stone | ကျောက် | tɕaʊʔ | kyauk |
| 157 | sand | သဲ | θɛ́ | thè: |
| 158 | dust | ဖုန် | pʰòʊɴ | hpon |
| 159 | earth | မြေ | mjè | mye |
| 160 | cloud | တိမ် | tèɪɴ | tein |
| 161 | fog | မြူ | mjù | myu |
| 162 | sky | မိုး | mó | mo: |
| 163 | wind | လေ | lè | le |
| 164 | snow | နှင်း, နှင်းခဲ | n̥ɪ́ɴ, n̥ɪ́ŋɡɛ́ | hnin:, hnin:gè: |
| 165 | ice | ရေခဲ | jeɡɛ́ | yegè: |
| 166 | smoke | အခိုး | ʔəkʰó | ăhko: |
| 167 | fire | မီး | mí | mi: |
| 168 | ash | ပြာ | pjà | pya |
| 169 | to burn | ရှို့, လောင် | ʃo̰, làʊɴ | sho., laung |
| 170 | road | လမ်း | láɴ | lan: |
| 171 | mountain | တောင် | tàʊɴ | taung |
| 172 | red | နီ | nì | ni |
| 173 | green | စိမ်း | séɪɴ | sein: |
| 174 | yellow | ဝါ | wà | wa |
| 175 | white | ဖြူ | pʰjù | hpyu |
| 176 | black | မည်း, နက် | mɛ́, nɛʔ | mè:, net |
| 177 | night | ည | ɲa̰ | nya. |
| 178 | day | နေ့ | nḛ | ne. |
| 179 | year | နှစ် | n̥ɪʔ | hnit |
| 180 | warm | ပူ, နွေး | pù, nwé | pu, nwe: |
| 181 | cold | အေး, ချမ်း | ʔé, tɕʰáɴ | e:, chan: |
| 182 | full | ပြည့် | pjḛ | pye. |
| 183 | new | သစ် | θɪʔ | thit |
| 184 | old | ဟောင်း, အို | háʊɴ, ʔò | haung:, o |
| 185 | good | ကောင်း | káʊɴ | kaung: |
| 186 | bad | ဆိုး | sʰó | hso: |
| 187 | rotten | ပုပ် | poʊʔ | pok |
| 188 | dirty | ညစ်ထည်း | ɲɪttʰí | nyit-hti: |
| 189 | straight | ဖြောင့်, စင်း | pʰja̰ʊɴ, sɪ́ɴ | hpyaung., sin: |
| 190 | round | ဝိုင်း, လုံး | wáɪɴ, lóʊɴ | waing:, lon: |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ချွန်, ချွန်ထက် | tɕʰʊ̀ɴ, tɕʰʊ̀ntʰɛʔ | chun, chunhtet |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | တုံး | tóɴ | ton: |
| 193 | smooth | ချော, မွတ် | tɕɔ́, mʊʔ | chaw:, mut |
| 194 | wet | စို, ရွှဲ | sò, ʃwɛ́ | so, shwè: |
| 195 | dry | ခြောက် | tɕaʊʔ | chauk |
| 196 | correct | မှန် | m̥àɴ | hman |
| 197 | near | နီး | ní | ni |
| 198 | far | ဝေးကွာ | wékwà | we:kwa |
| 199 | right | ညာ | ɲà | nya |
| 200 | left | ဘယ် | bɛ̀ | bè |
| 201 | at | မှာ, ၌ (formal) | m̥à, n̥aɪʔ | hma, hnaik |
| 202 | in | ထဲ, တွင်း, တွင် | tʰɛ́, twɪ́ɴ, twɪ̀ɴ | htè:, twin:, twin |
| 203 | with | နှင့်တကွ | n̥ɪ̰ndəɡwa̰ | hnin.dăgwa. |
| 204 | and | နဲ့, နှင့် | nɛ̰, n̥ɪ̰ɴ | nè., hnin. |
| 205 | if | ရင်[15], အကယ်၍ | jɪ̀ɴ, ʔəkɛ̀jwḛ | yin, ăkèywe. |
| 206 | because | လို့, ကြောင့် | lo̰, dʑa̰ʊɴ | lo., gyaung. |
| 207 | name | အမည်, နာမည် | ʔəmjì, nàmjì | ămyi, namyi |
Notes [edit]
- ^ Formal equivalents are ကျွန်တော် (kyănaw) (m), ကျွန်မ (kyăma.) (f)
- ^ Formal equivalents are ခင်ဗျား (hkămya:) (m), ရှင် (shin) (f)
- ^ Formal equivalents are သည် (dhi), ဤ (i)
- ^ Formal equivalent is သည်မှာ (dhihma)
- ^ Formal equivalent is မည်သူ (myidhu)
- ^ Formal equivalent is မည်သည် (myidhi)
- ^ Formal equivalent is မည်သည် (myidhi)
- ^ Formal equivalent is မည် (myi)
- ^ Formal equivalent is အမျိုးသမီး (ămyo:dhămi:)
- ^ Formal equivalent is အမျိုးသား (ămyo:dha:)
- ^ Formal equivalent is ဇနီး (zăni:)
- ^ Formal equivalent is ခင်ပွန်း (hkinbun:)
- ^ Formal equivalent is မိခင် (mi.gin)
- ^ Formal equivalent is ဖခင် (hpa.gin)
- ^ Formal equivalent is လျှင် (hlyin)