Appendix:Wu Swadesh lists
(Redirected from Appendix:Wu Swadesh list)
This is a Swadesh list of words in Wu, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
Romanisation scheme used is Wugniu. This scheme has a module prepared and implementation into Wiktionary should be discussed soon for Shanghainese, however, the Suzhounese scheme is still being worked on. Vocabulary and pronunciation based on Middle Generation (中派) Shanghainese and Suzhounese respectively. Note that the listed names are those of the local varieties only. The collective name of Wu is 吳語／吴语.
| № | English | Wu 上海閒話／上海闲话 edit (207) | Wu 蘇州閒話／苏州闲话 edit (207) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 我 (ngu6) | 我 (ngou6), 奴 (nou6)* |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 儂／侬 (non6) | 倷 (ne6) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 伊 (yi6) | 倷 (ne6), 唔倷 (n1 ne6), 俚倷 (li1 ne6) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 阿拉 (aq7 laq8/la6), 我伲 (ngu6 gni6)*, 伲 (gni6)* | 伲 (gni6), 我伲 (ngou6 gni6)* |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 㑚 (na6) | 俉篤／俉笃 (n6 toq7) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 伊拉 (yi6 la6/laq8) | 俚篤／俚笃 (li1 toq7), 唔篤／唔笃 (n1 toq7) |
| 7 | this | 搿 (geq8)*, 迭 (diq8)* | 哀 (e1), 該／该 (ke1), 搿 (geq8) |
| 8 | that | 哀 (e1), 伊 (i1) | 彎／弯 (ue1), 歸／归 (kue1), 搿 (geq8) |
| 9 | here | 搿墶／搿垯 (geq8 taq7), 此地 (tshy1 di6) | 哀墶／哀垯 (e1 taeq7), 該墶／该垯 (ke1 taeq7), 搿墶／搿垯 (geq8 taeq7) |
| 10 | there | 哀面墶／哀面垯 (e1 mi6 taq7), 伊面墶／伊面垯 (i1 mi6 taq7) | 彎墶／弯垯 (ue1 taeq7), 歸墶／归垯 (kue1 taeq7), 搿墶／搿垯 (geq8 taeq7) |
| 11 | who | 啥人 (sa5 gnin6) | 啥人 (sa5 gnin6) |
| 12 | what | 啥 (sa5), 啥物事 (sa5 meq8 zy6) | 啥 (sa5), 啥個／啥个 (sa5 keq7), 啥物事 (sa5 meq8 sy6) |
| 13 | where | 啥地方 (sa5 di6 faon1), 嚡裏／嚡里 (gha6 li6), 嚡裏墶／嚡里垯 (gha6 li6 taq7) | 啥場化／啥场化 (sa5 zan2 ho5), 哪墶／哪垯 (no6/lo6 taeq7) |
| 14 | when | 啥辰光 (sa5 zen6 kuaon1), 幾時／几时 (ci5 zy6) | 啥辰光 (sa5 zen2 kuaon5) |
| 15 | how | 哪能 (na6 nen6) | 捺亨 (8naeq-han1), 納哼／纳哼 (naeq8 han1), 檸／柠 (nan6) |
| 16 | not | 勿 (veq8) | 弗 (feq7) |
| 17 | all | 全部 (zhi6 bu6), 儕／侪 (ze6) | 一搨括子／一拓括子 (iq7 thaeq7 kuaeq7 tsy3), 全部 (zi2 bu6), 儕／侪 (ze2) |
| 18 | many | 交關／交关 (ciau1 kue1), 多 (tu1) | 交關／交关 (ciau1 kue1), 多 (tou1) |
| 19 | some | 一點／一点 (iq7 ti5) | 一點／一点 (iq7 tie3), 一星 (iq7 sin1) |
| 20 | few | 少 (sau5) | 少 (sau3) |
| 21 | other | 其他 (ji6 tha1), 別個／别个 (biq8 gheq8) | 其他 (ji2 tha1), 別個／别个 (beq8 keq7) |
| 22 | one | 一 (iq7) | 一 (iq7) |
| 23 | two | 兩／两 (lian6), 二 (gni6) | 兩／两 (lian6), 二 (gni6) |
| 24 | three | 三 (se1) | 三 (se1) |
| 25 | four | 四 (sy5) | 四 (sy5) |
| 26 | five | 五 (ng6) | 五 (ng6) |
| 27 | big | 大 (du6) | 大 (dou6) |
| 28 | long | 長／长 (zan6) | 長／长 (zan6) |
| 29 | wide | 寬／宽 (khuoe1), 闊／阔 (khueq7) | 闊／阔 (khueq7) |
| 30 | thick | 厚 (gheu6) | 厚 (gheu6) |
| 31 | heavy | 重 (zon6) | 重 (zon2) |
| 32 | small | 小 (shiau5) | 小 (siau3) |
| 33 | short | 短 (toe5)*, 矮 (a5)* | 短 (toe3)*, 矮 (a3)* |
| 34 | narrow | 狹／狭 (ghaq8) | 狹／狭 (ghaq8) |
| 35 | thin | 薄 (boq8) | 薄 (boq8) |
| 36 | woman | 女人 (gniu6 gnin6) | 女人 (gniu6 gnin2) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 男人 (noe6 gnin6) | 男人 (noe2 gnin2) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 人 (gnin6) | 人 (gnin2) |
| 39 | child | 小人 (shiau5 gnin6), 小囡 (shiau5 noe6) | 小干兒 (siau3 koe1 ng6), 小囡 (siau3 noe1) |
| 40 | wife | 老婆 (lau6 bu6), 家主婆 (ka1 tsy5 bu6), 妻子 (chi1 tsy5)* | 家小 (ka1 siau3), 家主婆 (ka1 tsyu3 bu2) |
| 41 | husband | 老公 (lau6 kon1), 丈夫 (zan6 fu1)* | 男人 (noe2 gnin2)*, 男客 (noe2 khaq7)*, 家公 (ka1 kon1)* |
| 42 | mother | 媽媽／妈妈 (ma1 ma1), 姆媽／姆妈 (m1 ma1), 娘 (gnian6)*, 母親／母亲 (mu1 chin1)* | 媽媽／妈妈 (ma1 ma1), 姆媽／姆妈 (m1 ma1), 娘 (gnian2)*, 母親／母亲 (mo1 tshin1)* |
| 43 | father | 爸爸 (pa1 pa1), 爹 (tia1), 爺／爷 (ya6)*, 父親／父亲 (vu6 chin1)* | 爸爸 (pa1 pa1), 爹爹 (tia1 tia1), 爺／爷 (ya2)*, 父親／父亲 (vu6 tshin1)* |
| 44 | animal | 動物／动物 (don6 veq8) | 動物／动物 (don6 veq8) |
| 45 | fish | 魚／鱼 (ng6) | 魚／鱼 (ng6) |
| 46 | bird | 鳥／鸟 (gniau5/tiau5 (obsolete)) | 鳥／鸟 (tiau3) |
| 47 | dog | 狗 (keu5) | 狗 (keu3) |
| 48 | louse | 老白蝨／老白虱 (lau6 baq8 seq7) | 白蝨／白虱 (baq8 seq7) |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 (zo6) | 蛇 (zo2) |
| 50 | worm | 蟲／虫 (zon6) | 蟲／虫 (zon2) |
| 51 | tree | 樹／树 (zy6) | 樹／树 (zyu6) |
| 52 | forest | 森林 (sen1 lin6) | 森林 (sen1 lin2) |
| 53 | stick | 棒頭／棒头 (baon6 deu6) | 棒頭／棒头 (baon6 deu2) |
| 54 | fruit | 水果 (sy5 ku5) | 水果 (syu3 kou3) |
| 55 | seed | 籽 (tsy5), 種子／种子 (tson5 tsy5) | 籽 (tsy3), 種子／种子 (tson3 tsy3) |
| 56 | leaf | 葉子／叶子 (yiq8 tsy5) | 葉子／叶子 (yiq8 tsy3) |
| 57 | root | 根 (ken1) | 根 (ken1) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮／树皮 (zy6 bi6) | 樹皮／树皮 (zyu6 bi2) |
| 59 | flower | 花 (ho1) | 花 (ho1) |
| 60 | grass | 草 (tshau5) | 草 (tshau3) |
| 61 | rope | 繩子／绳子 (zen6 tsy5) | 繩／绳 (zen2) |
| 62 | skin | 皮膚／皮肤 (bi6 fu1) | 皮膚／皮肤 (bi2 fu1) |
| 63 | meat | 肉 (gnioq8) | 肉 (gnioq8) |
| 64 | blood | 血 (shiuq7/shioq7) | 血 (shiuq7) |
| 65 | bone | 骨頭／骨头 (kueq7 deu6) | 骨頭／骨头 (kueq7 deu2) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 脂肪 (tsy1 faon1) | 脂肪 (tsy1 faon5) |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 (de6) | 蛋 (de6) |
| 68 | horn | 角 (koq7) | 角 (koq7) |
| 69 | tail | 尾巴 (gni6/mi6 po5) | 尾巴 (gni6 po1) |
| 70 | feather | 羽毛 (yu6 mau6) | 羽毛 (iu1 mau2) |
| 71 | hair | 頭髮／头发 (deu6 faq7)*, 毛 (mau6)* | 頭髮／头发 (deu2 faeq7)*, 毛 (mau2)* |
| 72 | head | 頭／头 (deu6) | 頭／头 (deu2) |
| 73 | ear | 耳朵 (gni6 tu5) | 耳朵 (gni6 tou3) |
| 74 | eye | 眼睛 (nge6 cin1) | 眼睛 (nge2 tsin1) |
| 75 | nose | 鼻頭／鼻头 (biq8 deu6) | 鼻頭／鼻头 (beq8 deu6) |
| 76 | mouth | 嘴巴 (tsy5 po5) | 嘴 (tsyu3) |
| 77 | tooth | 牙齒／牙齿 (nga6 tshy5) | 牙子 (nga2 tsy3) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 舌頭／舌头 (zeq8 deu6) | 舌頭／舌头 (zeq8 deu2) |
| 79 | fingernail | 手指掐 (seu5 tsy5 khaq7) | 節掐子／节掐子 (tsiq7 khaeq7 tsy3) |
| 80 | foot | 腳／脚 (ciaq7) | 腳／脚 (ciaq7) |
| 81 | leg | 腳／脚 (ciaq7), 腿 (the5) | 髈／膀 (phaon3), 腳／脚 (ciaq7) |
| 82 | knee | 腳饅頭／脚馒头 (ciaq7 moe6 deu6) | 膝饅頭／膝馒头 (siq7 moe2 deu2), 腳饅頭／脚馒头 (ciaq7 moe2 deu2) |
| 83 | hand | 手 (seu5) | 手 (seu3) |
| 84 | wing | 翅膀 (tshy1 paon5) | 翨𦑜 (ci5 kaeq7) |
| 85 | belly | 肚皮 (du6 bi6) | 肚皮 (dou6 bi2) |
| 86 | guts | 肚腸／肚肠 (du6 zan6) | 肚腸／肚肠 (du6 zan2) |
| 87 | neck | 頭頸／头颈 (deu6 cin5) | 頭頸／头颈 (deu2 cin3) |
| 88 | back | 背 (pe5) | 背 (pe5) |
| 89 | breast | 胸 (shion1) | 胸 (shion1) |
| 90 | heart | 心 (shin1) | 心 (sin1) |
| 91 | liver | 肝 (koe1) | 肝 (koe1) |
| 92 | to drink | 喝 (haq7), 吃 (chiq7) | 呷 (haeq7), 吃 (chiq7) |
| 93 | to eat | 吃 (chiq7) | 吃 (chiq7) |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (ngau6) | 咬 (ngau6) |
| 95 | to suck | 嗍 (soq7), 吸 (shiq7) | 嗍 (soq7) |
| 96 | to spit | 吐 (thu5) | 吐 (thou3) |
| 97 | to vomit | 嘔／呕 (eu5) | 嘔／呕 (eu3) |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (tshy1) | 吹 (tshyu1) |
| 99 | to breathe | 呼吸 (hu1 shiq7) | 呼吸 (hou1 shiq7) |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 (shiau5) | 笑 (siau5) |
| 101 | to see | 看 (khoe5) | 看 (khoe5) |
| 102 | to hear | 聽／听 (thin1) | 聽／听 (thin3) |
| 103 | to know | 曉得／晓得 (shiau5 teq7) | 曉得／晓得 (shiau3 teq7) |
| 104 | to think | 想 (shian5) | 想 (sian3) |
| 105 | to smell | 聞／闻 (men6) | 聞／闻 (men2) |
| 106 | to fear | 怕 (pho5), 嚇／吓 (haq7) | 怕 (pho5), 嚇／吓 (haeq7) |
| 107 | to sleep | 睏／困 (khuen5) | 睏／困 (khuen5) |
| 108 | to live | 活 (weq8) | 活 (weq8) |
| 109 | to die | 死 (shi5) | 死 (si3) |
| 110 | to kill | 殺／杀 (saq7) | 殺／杀 (saeq7) |
| 111 | to fight | 打相打 (tan5 shian1 tan5) | 相打 (sian1 tan3), 打相打 (tan3 sian1 tan3) |
| 112 | to hunt | 打獵／打猎 (tan5 laq8) | 打獵／打猎 (tan3 laeq8) |
| 113 | to hit | 打 (tan5)*, 敲 (khau1)* | 打 (tan3), 敲 (khau1) |
| 114 | to cut | 劗／𭄛 (tse1), 切 (chiq7), 剪 (ci5)* | 斬／斩 (tse1), 剪 (tsie3)* |
| 115 | to split | 分 (fen1) | 分 (fen1) |
| 116 | to stab | 戳 (tshoq7), 鑿／凿 (zoq8) | 戳 (tshoq7) |
| 117 | to scratch | 抓 (tsau1) | 抓 (tsau1) |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (uaq7) | 挖 (uaeq7) |
| 119 | to swim | 游泳 (yeu6 ion5) | 游泳 (yeu2 ion3) |
| 120 | to fly | 飛／飞 (fi1) | 飛／飞 (fi1) |
| 121 | to walk | 走 (tseu5) | 走 (tseu3) |
| 122 | to come | 來／来 (le6) | 來／来 (le2) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 睏／困 (khuen5), 躺 (thaon5) | 躺 (thaon3), 橫／横 (wan2) |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 (zu6) | 坐 (zou6) |
| 125 | to stand | 立 (liq8) | 立 (liq8) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 轉／转 (tsoe5) | 轉／转 (tsoe5) |
| 127 | to fall | 落 (loq8) | 落 (loq8) |
| 128 | to give | 撥／拨 (7peq), 畀 (peq7) | 撥／拨 (peq7) |
| 129 | to hold | 拿 (ne1/nau1/no1/no6) | 拿 (no2) |
| 130 | to squeeze | 捘 (tsen5), 擠／挤 (ci3) | 捘 (tsen3) |
| 131 | to rub | 擼／撸 (lu1) | 婆 (bu2), 挪 (nou2) |
| 132 | to wash | 汏 (da6) | 汏 (da6) |
| 133 | to wipe | 揩 (kha1) | 揩 (kha1) |
| 134 | to pull | 拉 (la1) | 拉 (la1) |
| 135 | to push | 推 (the1) | 推 (the1) |
| 136 | to throw | 摜／掼 (gue6) | 摜／掼 (gue6) |
| 137 | to tie | 縛／缚 (boq8) | 綁／绑 (paon3) |
| 138 | to sew | 縫／缝 (von6) | 縫／缝 (von2) |
| 139 | to count | 數／数 (su5) | 數／数 (sou3) |
| 140 | to say | 講／讲 (kaon5) | 講／讲 (kaon3) |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (tshaon5) | 唱 (tshaon5) |
| 142 | to play | 孛相 (8beq-shian), 白相 (beq8 shian5) | 孛相 (8beq-shian), 白相 (beq8 sian5) |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (veu6/vu6) | 浮 (vu2) |
| 144 | to flow | 漂 (phiau1) | 漂 (phiau1) |
| 145 | to freeze | 凍／冻 (ton5) | 凍／冻 (ton5) |
| 146 | to swell | 脹／胀 (tsan5) | 脹／胀 (tsan5) |
| 147 | sun | 太陽／太阳 (tha5 yan6) | 太陽／太阳 (tha5 yan2) |
| 148 | moon | 月亮 (yuiq8 lian6) | 月亮 (ngeq8 lian6)*, 亮月 (lian6 ngeq8)* |
| 149 | star | 星星 (shin1 shin1), 星 (shin1) | 星 (sin1), 星星 (sin1 sin1) |
| 150 | water | 水 (sy5), 茶 (zo6)* | 水 (syu3), 茶 (zo2)* |
| 151 | rain | 雨 (yu6) | 雨 (yu6) |
| 152 | river | 河浜 (wu6 pan1) | 河 (ghou2), 浜 (pan1)* |
| 153 | lake | 湖 (wu6) | 湖 (ghou6) |
| 154 | sea | 海 (he5) | 海 (he3) |
| 155 | salt | 鹽／盐 (yi6) | 鹽／盐 (ye2) |
| 156 | stone | 石頭／石头 (zaq8 deu6) | 石頭／石头 (zaq8 deu2) |
| 157 | sand | 沙子 (so1 tsy5) | 沙 (so1), 河沙 (ghou2 so1) |
| 158 | dust | 灰 (hue1), 灰塵／灰尘 (hue1 zen6) | 灰塵／灰尘 (hue1 zen2) |
| 159 | earth | 爛泥／烂泥 (na6 gni6) | 爛泥／烂泥 (le6 gni2) |
| 160 | cloud | 雲／云 (yun6) | 雲／云 (yun2) |
| 161 | fog | 霧／雾 (wu6) | 迷露 (mi2 lou6) |
| 162 | sky | 天 (thi1) | 天 (thie1) |
| 163 | wind | 風／风 (fon1) | 風／风 (fon1) |
| 164 | snow | 雪 (shiq7) | 雪 (siq7) |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (pin1) | 冰 (pin1) |
| 166 | smoke | 煙／烟 (i1) | 煙／烟 (ie1) |
| 167 | fire | 火 (hu5) | 火 (hou3) |
| 168 | ash | 灰 (hue1) | 灰 (hue1) |
| 169 | to burn | 燒／烧 (sau1) | 燒／烧 (sau1) |
| 170 | road | 路 (lu6) | 路 (lou6) |
| 171 | mountain | 山 (se1) | 山 (se1) |
| 172 | red | 紅／红 (ghon6), 紅顏色／红颜色 (ghon6 nge6 seq7) | 紅／红 (ghon2) |
| 173 | green | 綠／绿 (loq8), 綠顏色／绿颜色 (loq8 nge6 seq7) | 綠／绿 (loq8) |
| 174 | yellow | 黃／黄 (waon6), 黃顏色／黄颜色 (waon6 nge6 seq7) | 黃／黄 (waon2) |
| 175 | white | 白 (baq8), 白顏色／白颜色 (baq8 nge6 seq7) | 白 (baq8) |
| 176 | black | 黑 (heq7), 黑顏色／黑颜色 (heq7 nge6 seq7) | 黑 (heq7) |
| 177 | night | 夜裏／夜里 (ya6 li6), 夜裏向／夜里向 (ya6 li6 shian5), 夜到 (ya6 tau5), 夜頭／夜头 (ya6 deu6) | 夜裏／夜里 (ia1 li6), 夜裏向／夜里向 (ia1 li6 shian5) |
| 178 | day | 日裏向／日里向 (gniq8 li6 shian5), 日裏／日里 (gniq8 li6) | 日裏／日里 (gniq8 li6), 日裏向／日里向 (gniq8 li6 shian5) |
| 179 | year | 年 (gni6) | 年 (gnie2) |
| 180 | warm | 暖熱／暖热 (noe6 gniq8), 溫／温 (uen1) | 暖熱／暖热 (noe2 gniq8), 溫／温 (uen1)* |
| 181 | cold | 冷 (lan6) | 冷 (lan6) |
| 182 | full | 滿／满 (moe6)*, 飽／饱 (pau5)* | 滿／满 (moe6)*, 飽／饱 (pau3)* |
| 183 | new | 新 (shin1) | 新 (sin1) |
| 184 | old | 舊／旧 (jieu6)*, 老 (lau6)* | 舊／旧 (jieu6)*, 老 (lau6)* |
| 185 | good | 好 (hau5) | 好 (hau3) |
| 186 | bad | 壞／坏 (wa6) | 壞／坏 (wa6/ua5 (old fashioned)), 恘 (chieu1) |
| 187 | rotten | 爛／烂 (le6) | 爛／烂 (le6) |
| 188 | dirty | 齷齪／龌龊 (oq7 tshoq7) | 齷齪／龌龊 (oq7 tshoq7) |
| 189 | straight | 直 (zeq8) | 直 (zeq8) |
| 190 | round | 圓／圆 (yoe6) | 圓／圆 (yoe2) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 快 (khua5) | 快 (khua5) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍／钝 (den6) | 鈍／钝 (den6) |
| 193 | smooth | 光 (kuaon1) | 光 (kuaon1) |
| 194 | wet | 潮 (zau6), 濕／湿 (saq7/seq7) | 潮 (zau2), 濕／湿 (seq7) |
| 195 | dry | 乾／干 (koe1) | 乾／干 (koe1) |
| 196 | correct | 對／对 (te5) | 對／对 (te5) |
| 197 | near | 近 (jin6) | 近 (jin6) |
| 198 | far | 遠／远 (yoe6) | 遠／远 (yoe6) |
| 199 | right | 右 (yeu6) | 右 (yoe6) |
| 200 | left | 左 (tsu5) | 左 (tsou3) |
| 201 | at | 辣 (laq8), 辣辣 (laq8 laq8), 辣海 (laq8 he5), 辣該／辣该 (laq8 ke5) | 勒 (leq8), 勒裏／勒里 (leq8 li6)*, 勒浪 (leq8 laon6)*, 勒篤／勒笃 (leq6 toq7)*, 勒海 (leq8 he5)* |
| 202 | in | 裏向／里向 (li6 shian5), 裏頭／里头 (li6 deu6), 裏／里 (li6) | 裏面／里面 (li6 mi6), 裏向／里向 (li6 shian5), 裏／里 (li6) |
| 203 | with | 得 (teq7), 脱 (theq7), 交 (kau1/kau5), 跟 (ken1), 幫／帮 (paon1), 咾 (lau6)* | 搭 (taeq7) |
| 204 | and | 得 (teq7), 脱 (theq7), 得仔 (teq7 tsy5), 脫仔／脱仔 (theq7 tsy5), 交 (kau1/kau5), 幫／帮 (paon1), 跟 (ken1) | 搭 (taeq7), 搭仔 (taeq7 tsy3) |
| 205 | if | 假使 (cia6 sy5), 如果 (zy6 ku5) | 假使 (ka5 sy3), 如果 (zyu2 kou3) |
| 206 | because | 因為／因为 (in1 we6) | 因為／因为 (in1 we6) |
| 207 | name | 名字 (min6 zy6) | 名字 (min2 zy6) |
External links and Sources[edit]
- Wugniu: Romanisation and Wu data
- 許寶華 湯珍珠 主編 上海市區方言志
- 錢乃榮 許寶華 湯珍珠 編著 上海話大詞典
- 汪平 編著 蘇州方言語音研究
- 葉祥苓 著 蘇州方言志
- 李榮 葉祥苓 編著 蘇州方言詞典
- 刑晏春 編著 刑晏春蘇州話語音詞典