Appendix:Japanese Swadesh list
This is an Swadesh list of words in English and Japanese.
Contents |
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | 日本語 Kanji characters |
にほんご Hiragana syllabary |
nihongo Hepburn romanization |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 私 | わたし | watashi |
| 2 | you (singular) | 貴方 (informal) | あなた | anata |
| 3 | he | 彼 | かれ | kare |
| 4 | we | 私達 | わたしたち | watashitachi |
| 5 | you (plural) | 貴方達 | あなたたち | anatatachi |
| 6 | they | 彼等, 彼ら | かれら | karera |
| 7 | this | 之 | これ | kore |
| 8 | that | 其 | それ | sore |
| 9 | here | 此処 | ここ | koko |
| 10 | there | 其処 | そこ | soko |
| 11 | who | 誰 (interrogative) | だれ | dare |
| 12 | what | 何 (interrogative) | なに | nani |
| 13 | where | 何処 (no movement, interrogative) | どこ | doko |
| 14 | when | 何時 (interrogative) | いつ | itsu |
| 15 | how | 如何 (interrogative) | いかが | ikaga |
| 16 | not | 否 (no) | いな | ina |
| 17 | all | 全て | すべて | subete |
| 18 | many | 沢山 | たくさん | takusan |
| 19 | some | 若干 | じゃっかん | jakkan |
| 20 | few | 少ない | すくない | sukunai |
| 21 | other | 他 | ほか | hoka |
| 22 | one | 一 | 一つ | hito(tsu) |
| 23 | two | 二 | 二つ | futa(tsu) |
| 24 | three | 三 | 三つ | mit(tsu) |
| 25 | four | 四 | 四つ | yot(tsu) |
| 26 | five | 五 | 五つ | itsu(tsu) |
| 27 | big | 大きい | おおきい | ōkii |
| 28 | long | 長い | ながい | nagai |
| 29 | wide | 広い | ひろい | hiroi |
| 30 | thick | 厚い | あつい | atsui |
| 31 | heavy | 重い | おもい | omoi |
| 32 | small | 小さい | ちいさい | chiisai |
| 33 | short | 短い | みじかい | mijikai |
| 34 | narrow | 狭い | せまい | semai |
| 35 | thin | 細い | ほそい | hosoi |
| 36 | woman | 女性, 女 | じょせい, おんな | josei, onna |
| 37 | man (male) | 男性, 男 | だんせい, おとこ | dansei, otoko |
| 38 | man (human) | 人 | ひと | hito |
| 39 | child | 子供 | こども | kodomo |
| 40 | wife | 妻 | つま | tsuma |
| 41 | husband | 夫 | おっと | otto |
| 42 | mother | 母 | はは | haha |
| 43 | father | 父 | ちち | chichi |
| 44 | animal | 動物 | どうぶつ | dōbutsu |
| 45 | fish | 魚 | さかな | sakana |
| 46 | bird | 鳥 | とり | tori |
| 47 | dog | 犬 | いぬ | inu |
| 48 | louse | 虱 | しらみ | shirami |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 | へび | hebi |
| 50 | worm | 蚯蚓 | みみず | mimizu |
| 51 | tree | 木 | き | ki |
| 52 | forest | 森 | もり | mori |
| 53 | stick | 棒 | ぼう | bō |
| 54 | fruit | 果物 | くだもの | kudamono |
| 55 | seed | 種, 種子 | たね, しゅし | tane, shushi |
| 56 | leaf | 葉 | は | ha |
| 57 | root | 根 | ね | ne |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮 | じゅひ | juhi |
| 59 | flower | 花 | はな | hana |
| 60 | grass | 草 | くさ | kusa |
| 61 | rope | 縄 | なわ | nawa |
| 62 | skin | 皮 | かわ | kawa |
| 63 | meat | 肉 | にく | niku |
| 64 | blood | 血 | ち | chi |
| 65 | bone | 骨 | ほね | hone |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 脂 | あぶら | abura |
| 67 | egg | 卵 | たまご | tamago |
| 68 | horn | 角 | つの | tsuno |
| 69 | tail | 尻尾 | しっぽ | shippo |
| 70 | feather | 羽 | はね | hane |
| 71 | hair | 髪 | かみ | kami |
| 72 | head | 頭 | あたま | atama |
| 73 | ear | 耳 | みみ | mimi |
| 74 | eye | 目 | め | me |
| 75 | nose | 鼻 | はな | hana |
| 76 | mouth | 口 | くち | kuchi |
| 77 | tooth | 歯 | は | ha |
| 78 | tongue | 舌 | した | shita |
| 79 | fingernail | 爪 | つめ | tsume |
| 80 | foot | 足 | あし | ashi |
| 81 | leg | 足 | あし | ashi |
| 82 | knee | 膝 | ひざ | hiza |
| 83 | hand | 手 | て | te |
| 84 | wing | 翼 | つばさ | tsubasa |
| 85 | belly | 腹 | はら | hara |
| 86 | guts | 腸 | ちょう | chō |
| 87 | neck | 首 | くび | kubi |
| 88 | back | 背中 | せなか | senaka |
| 89 | breast | 胸 | むね | mune |
| 90 | heart | 心臓 | しんぞう | shinzō |
| 91 | liver | 肝臓 | かんぞう | kanzō |
| 92 | to drink | 飲む | のむ | nomu |
| 93 | to eat | 食べる | たべる | taberu |
| 94 | to bite | 噛む | かむ | kamu |
| 95 | to suck | しゃぶる | shaburu | |
| 96 | to spit | 吐く | はく | haku |
| 97 | to vomit | 吐く | はく | haku |
| 98 | to blow | 吹く | ふく | fuku |
| 99 | to breathe | 呼吸する | こきゅうする | kokyū-suru |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑う | わらう | warau |
| 101 | to see | 見る | みる | miru |
| 102 | to hear | 聞く | きく | kiku |
| 103 | to know | 知る | しる | shiru |
| 104 | to think | 思う | おもう | omou |
| 105 | to smell | 嗅ぐ | かぐ | kagu |
| 106 | to fear | 恐れる | おそれる | osoreru |
| 107 | to sleep | 寝る | ねる | neru |
| 108 | to live | 生きる | いきる | ikiru |
| 109 | to die | 死ぬ | しぬ | shinu |
| 110 | to kill | 殺す | ころす | korosu |
| 111 | to fight | 闘う | たたかう | tatakau |
| 112 | to hunt | 狩る | かる | karu |
| 113 | to hit | 叩く | たたく | tataku |
| 114 | to cut | 切る | きる | kiru |
| 115 | to split | 割る | わる | waru |
| 116 | to stab | 刺殺する | しさつする | shisatsu-suru |
| 117 | to scratch | 掻く | かく | kaku |
| 118 | to dig | 掘る | ほる | horu |
| 119 | to swim | 泳ぐ | およぐ | oyogu |
| 120 | to fly | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| 121 | to walk | 歩く | あるく | aruku |
| 122 | to come | 来る | くる | kuru |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 寝る | ねる | neru |
| 124 | to sit | 座る | すわる | suwaru |
| 125 | to stand | 起きる | おきる | okiru |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 回る | まわる | mawaru |
| 127 | to fall | 落ちる | おちる | ochiru |
| 128 | to give | 贈る | おくる | okuru |
| 129 | to hold | 持つ | もつ | motsu |
| 130 | to squeeze | 絞る | しぼる | shiboru |
| 131 | to rub | 擦る | こする | kosuru |
| 132 | to wash | 洗う | あらう | arau |
| 133 | to wipe | 拭く | ふく | fuku |
| 134 | to pull | 引く | ひく | hiku |
| 135 | to push | 押す | おす | osu |
| 136 | to throw | 投げる | なげる | nageru |
| 137 | to tie | 結ぶ | むすぶ | musubu |
| 138 | to sew | 縫う | ぬう | nuu |
| 139 | to count | 数える | かぞえる | kazoeru |
| 140 | to say | 言う | いう | iu |
| 141 | to sing | 歌う | うたう | utau |
| 142 | to play | 遊ぶ | あそぶ | asobu |
| 143 | to float | 浮く | うく | uku |
| 144 | to flow | 流れる | ながれる | nagareru |
| 145 | to freeze | 凍結する | とうけつする | tōketsu-suru |
| 146 | to swell | 膨らむ | ふくらむ | fukuramu |
| 147 | sun | 太陽 | たいよう | taiyō |
| 148 | moon | 月 | つき | tsuki |
| 149 | star | 星 | ほし | hoshi |
| 150 | water | 水 | みず | mizu |
| 151 | rain | 雨 | あめ | ame |
| 152 | river | 川 | かわ | kawa |
| 153 | lake | 湖 | みずうみ | mizuumi |
| 154 | sea | 海 | うみ | umi |
| 155 | salt | 塩 | しお | shio |
| 156 | stone | 石 | いし | ishi |
| 157 | sand | 砂 | すな | suna |
| 158 | dust | 塵 | ちり | chiri |
| 159 | earth | 土 | つち | tsuchi |
| 160 | cloud | 雲 | くも | kumo |
| 161 | fog | 霧 | きり | kiri |
| 162 | sky | 空 | そら | sora |
| 163 | wind | 風 | かぜ | kaze |
| 164 | snow | 雪 | ゆき | yuki |
| 165 | ice | 氷 | こおり | kōri |
| 166 | smoke | 煙 | けむり | kemuri |
| 167 | fire | 火 | ひ | hi |
| 168 | ash | 灰 | はい | hai |
| 169 | to burn | 燃える | もえる | moeru |
| 170 | road | 道 | みち | michi |
| 171 | mountain | 山 | やま | yama |
| 172 | red | 赤い | あかい | akai |
| 173 | green | 緑 | みどり | midori |
| 174 | yellow | 黄色 | きいろ | kiiro |
| 175 | white | 白い | しろい | shiroi |
| 176 | black | 黒い | くろい | kuroi |
| 177 | night | 夜 | よる | yoru |
| 178 | day | 日 | ひ | hi |
| 179 | year | 年 | とし | toshi |
| 180 | warm | 暖かい | あたたかい | atatakai |
| 181 | cold | 寒い | さむい | samui |
| 182 | full | 満員 | まんいん | man'in |
| 183 | new | 新しい | あたらしい | atarashii |
| 184 | old | 古い | ふるい | furui |
| 185 | good | 好い, 良い, 善い | いい, よい | ii |
| 186 | bad | 不味い, 悪い | まずい, わるい | mazui, warui |
| 187 | rotten | 腐敗 | ふはい | fuhai |
| 188 | dirty | 汚い | きたない | kitanai |
| 189 | straight | 真直ぐ | まっすぐ | massugu |
| 190 | round | 丸い | まるい | marui |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 鋭利な | えいり | eiri |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍い | にぶい | nibui |
| 193 | smooth | 滑らか | なめらか | nameraka |
| 194 | wet | 濡れる | ぬれる | nureru |
| 195 | dry | 乾く | かわく | kawaku |
| 196 | correct | 正しい | ただしい | tadashii |
| 197 | near | 近い | ちかい | chikai |
| 198 | far | 遠い | とおい | tōi |
| 199 | right | 右 | みぎ | migi |
| 200 | left | 左 | ひだり | hidari |
| 201 | at | で, へ | de, he | |
| 202 | in | で | de | |
| 203 | with | と | to | |
| 204 | and | と, や | to, ya | |
| 205 | if | -ば, なら | -ba, nara | |
| 206 | because | から | kara | |
| 207 | name | 名, 名前 | な, なまえ | na, namae |
See also [edit]
Bibliography [edit]
- Banzaï - méthode de japonais (Nathalie Rouillé, Isabelle Raimbault), Ellipses, Paris 2003 - ISBN 2-7298-1647-X
- Les mots du japonais (Florence Bernaudeau, Fabrice Escot), Ellipses, Paris 1996 - ISBN 2-7298-9698-8
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6