Appendix:Lingala Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in English and Lingala.
Contents |
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Lingala lingála |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ngáí, na- |
| 2 | you (singular) | yɔ̌, o- |
| 3 | he | yě, a- (person), e- (thing) |
| 4 | we | bísó, to- |
| 5 | you (plural) | bínó, bo- |
| 6 | they | bangó, [1] ba- (persons), e-/i- (things) |
| 7 | this | óyo |
| 8 | that | wâná |
| 9 | here | áwa |
| 10 | there | kúná, wâná |
| 11 | who | náni (interrogative) |
| 12 | what | níni (interrogative) |
| 13 | where | wápi (interrogative) |
| 14 | when | ntángo (interrogative) |
| 15 | how | bóní (interrogative) |
| 16 | not | ... tɛ́ |
| 17 | all | nyɛ́, tû |
| 18 | many | míngi |
| 19 | some | bɔ̌kɔ́ |
| 20 | few | mɔkɛ́mɔkɛ́ |
| 21 | other | mosúsu, -súsu |
| 22 | one | mɔ̌kɔ, -ɔ̌kɔ |
| 23 | two | míbalé, -íbalé |
| 24 | three | mísáto, -ísáto |
| 25 | four | mínei, -ínei |
| 26 | five | mítánɔ, -ítánɔ, mpáta |
| 27 | big | monɛ́nɛ, -nɛ́nɛ |
| 28 | long | monɛ́nɛ, -nɛ́nɛ, -laí |
| 29 | wide | -laí |
| 30 | thick | monɛ́nɛ, -nɛ́nɛ |
| 31 | heavy | bozitó, kiló, molito |
| 32 | small | mokɛ́, -kɛ́ |
| 33 | short | mokúsé, -kúsé |
| 34 | narrow | mokɛ́, -kɛ́ |
| 35 | thin | mokɛ́, -kɛ́ |
| 36 | woman | mwǎsí |
| 37 | man (adult male) | mobáli |
| 38 | man (human being) | moto |
| 39 | child | mwǎna |
| 40 | wife | bolóngani, mwǎsí |
| 41 | husband | bolóngani, mobáli |
| 42 | mother | mamá |
| 43 | father | tatá, papá |
| 44 | animal | nyama |
| 45 | fish | mbísi |
| 46 | bird | ndɛkɛ |
| 47 | dog | mbwá |
| 48 | louse | lonsili |
| 49 | snake | nyóka |
| 50 | worm | mpambó, mósɔ́pi, limpiká |
| 51 | tree | nzeté, mweté |
| 52 | forest | zámba |
| 53 | stick | nzeté |
| 54 | fruit | mbuma |
| 55 | seed | nyǎ, mbóto, bɔpɔ́ |
| 56 | leaf | nkásá |
| 57 | root | ntína |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | lomposo |
| 59 | flower | fulɛ́lɛ, lómbé |
| 60 | grass | litíti |
| 61 | rope | nsi nga, moniɔlɔ́lɔ, likósi |
| 62 | skin | lomposo |
| 63 | meat | monsuni |
| 64 | blood | makilá |
| 65 | bone | monkúwa |
| 66 | fat (noun) | mafúta |
| 67 | egg | likeí, líki |
| 68 | horn | liséké, boséba |
| 69 | tail | mokɔndɔ́, mokíla |
| 70 | feather | lonsálá |
| 71 | hair | nsúki |
| 72 | head | motó |
| 73 | ear | litói |
| 74 | eye | líso |
| 75 | nose | zólo |
| 76 | mouth | mɔnɔkɔ |
| 77 | tooth | líno |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lolému |
| 79 | fingernail | linzáka |
| 80 | foot | mopendé, lokolo |
| 81 | leg | lokolo |
| 82 | knee | libɔ́lɔ́ngɔ́, libɔ́ngɔ́ |
| 83 | hand | lobɔ́kɔ |
| 84 | wing | lipapú |
| 85 | belly | libumu |
| 86 | guts | nsɔpɔ́ |
| 87 | neck | nkíngó |
| 88 | back | mokɔngɔ |
| 89 | breast | ntólo |
| 90 | heart | motéma |
| 91 | liver | libale |
| 92 | to drink | -mɛlɛ |
| 93 | to eat | -lía |
| 94 | to bite | -swâ |
| 95 | to suck | -nyúnya, -núnga |
| 96 | to spit | -bwáka nsɔ́i |
| 97 | to vomit | -sánza |
| 98 | to blow | -pémela, -pɛpɛ |
| 99 | to breathe | -péma |
| 100 | to laugh | -sɛkɛ |
| 101 | to see | -mɔ́nɔ, -móna |
| 102 | to hear | -yóka |
| 103 | to know | -yéba |
| 104 | to think | -bánza, -kanisa |
| 105 | to smell | -núsa |
| 106 | to fear | -bánga |
| 107 | to sleep | -lála |
| 108 | to live | -vánda |
| 109 | to die | -kúfa |
| 110 | to kill | -boma |
| 111 | to fight | -bɛ́tɛnɛ, -bunda |
| 112 | to hunt | -bengana |
| 113 | to hit | -bɛ́tɛ |
| 114 | to cut | -kátakata, -káta |
| 115 | to split | -pasola |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | -kóta, -nyaka, -kpaka, -kpala |
| 118 | to dig | -tímola |
| 119 | to swim | -nyanya, -túnga |
| 120 | to fly | -pimbwa |
| 121 | to walk | -támbola |
| 122 | to come | -yâ, -yáa, -úta |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | -lálisana (action) |
| 124 | to sit | -vánda, -kisa (action) |
| 125 | to stand | -lamuka, -télema (action) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | -balula |
| 127 | to fall | -kpâ |
| 128 | to give | -pésa, -kaba |
| 129 | to hold | -kamata |
| 130 | to squeeze | -kangisa |
| 131 | to rub | -bísa |
| 132 | to wash | -sukola |
| 133 | to wipe | -pangwisa |
| 134 | to pull | -bénda |
| 135 | to push | -tɔ |
| 136 | to throw | -bwáka |
| 137 | to tie | -kanga, -zínga, -línga |
| 138 | to sew | -sɔnɔ |
| 139 | to count | -tánga |
| 140 | to say | -loba |
| 141 | to sing | -yémba |
| 142 | to play | -sakana, -sana |
| 143 | to float | -tetwa, -tepa |
| 144 | to flow | -támbola |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | -vímba |
| 147 | sun | mói |
| 148 | moon | sánzá |
| 149 | star | monzɔ́tɔ |
| 150 | water | mái |
| 151 | rain | mbúla |
| 152 | river | mái, ebale |
| 153 | lake | etíma, nzálé |
| 154 | sea | mbú |
| 155 | salt | móngwa, mókpa |
| 156 | stone | libángá |
| 157 | sand | zɛ́lɔ |
| 158 | dust | putulú |
| 159 | earth | mabelé |
| 160 | cloud | lipata |
| 161 | fog | londendé |
| 162 | sky | likoló |
| 163 | wind | mompɛpɛ |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | mólinga |
| 167 | fire | mɔ́tɔ |
| 168 | ash | putulú |
| 169 | to burn | -pela, -zíka |
| 170 | road | balabála, nzɛlá |
| 171 | mountain | ngómbá |
| 172 | red | -táné |
| 173 | green | -bésu |
| 174 | yellow | -táne |
| 175 | white | mpɛ́mbɛ |
| 176 | black | molílí, -índo |
| 177 | night | butú |
| 178 | day | mokɔlɔ, mói |
| 179 | year | mbúla, mobú |
| 180 | warm | -tɔkɔ (to warm up) |
| 181 | cold | mpíɔ |
| 182 | full | má, mɛké |
| 183 | new | sika |
| 184 | old | kala |
| 185 | good | kitɔ́kɔ, malámu |
| 186 | bad | mabé |
| 187 | rotten | -pɔlɔ (to go rotten) |
| 188 | dirty | -bébisa (to make dirty) |
| 189 | straight | alimá |
| 190 | round | kílíkílí |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | -pela |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | -túnú |
| 193 | smooth | patátálú, sɛ́lisɛ́li |
| 194 | wet | pɔlɔ |
| 195 | dry | -kauka (to dry) |
| 196 | correct | alimá, malongá, sémba, sɛló |
| 197 | near | mpɛmbɛ́ni |
| 198 | far | mosíká |
| 199 | right | _a mobáli |
| 200 | left | _a mwásí |
| 201 | at | o, na |
| 202 | in | káti, o ntéi, na |
| 203 | with | na |
| 204 | and | mpé |
| 205 | if | sɔ́kɔ́, sɔ́kí |
| 206 | because | zambí |
| 207 | name | nkómbó |
Orthography :
- The words preceded by a hyphen (-) are radicals of a verb or an adjective; various prefixes may be used, as requested by the noun class system of the Lingala.
See also [edit]
Bibliography [edit]
- Dictionnaire bangála - français - lingála (EDEMA Atibakwa Baboya), SÉPIA, Saint-Maur 1994 - ISBN 2-907888-57-9
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
External links [edit]
- Swahili, Mahorese and Lingala dictionaries (Lexilogos)
- Dictionary of the Congo-Brazzaville national languages
- Multilanguage dictionary
- Lingala Wiktionary
References [edit]
- ^ Maloba ma lokóta/dictionnaire LINGALA - by René Van Everbroeck, Editions l'Epiphanie p. 8