Appendix:Malagasy Swadesh list
This is an Swadesh list of words in English and Malagasy.
Contents |
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Malagasy |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | aho |
| 2 | you (singular) | ianao |
| 3 | he | izy |
| 4 | we | isika (inclusive), izahay (exclusive) |
| 5 | you (plural) | ianareo |
| 6 | they | izy, izy ireo, ry zareo |
| 7 | this | ity |
| 8 | that | izany |
| 9 | here | eto |
| 10 | there | ao |
| 11 | who | iza (interrogative) |
| 12 | what | inona (interrogative) |
| 13 | where | aiza (interrogative) |
| 14 | when | oviana (interrogative, past), rahoviana (interrogative, future) |
| 15 | how | ahoana, manahoana (interrogative) |
| 16 | not | tsy |
| 17 | all | ny ... rehetra |
| 18 | many | betsaka |
| 19 | some | vitsivitsy |
| 20 | few | kely |
| 21 | other | hafa |
| 22 | one | iray |
| 23 | two | roa |
| 24 | three | telo |
| 25 | four | efatra |
| 26 | five | dimy |
| 27 | big | lehibe |
| 28 | long | lava |
| 29 | wide | malalaka |
| 30 | thick | matevina |
| 31 | heavy | mavesatra |
| 32 | small | kely |
| 33 | short | fohy |
| 34 | narrow | tery |
| 35 | thin | manify, mahia |
| 36 | woman | vehivavy |
| 37 | man (adult male) | lehilahy |
| 38 | man (human being) | olombelona |
| 39 | child | zaza |
| 40 | wife | vady |
| 41 | husband | vady |
| 42 | mother | reny |
| 43 | father | ray |
| 44 | animal | biby |
| 45 | fish | trondro, hazan-drano |
| 46 | bird | vorona |
| 47 | dog | alika, amboa |
| 48 | louse | hao |
| 49 | snake | bibilava |
| 50 | worm | kankana |
| 51 | tree | hazo |
| 52 | forest | ala |
| 53 | stick | kibay, tehina |
| 54 | fruit | voankazo |
| 55 | seed | voa |
| 56 | leaf | ravina |
| 57 | root | faka, fototra |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | hodi-kazo |
| 59 | flower | voninkazo |
| 60 | grass | ahitra, bozaka |
| 61 | rope | tady |
| 62 | skin | hoditra |
| 63 | meat | hena |
| 64 | blood | ra |
| 65 | bone | taolana |
| 66 | fat (noun) | taviny |
| 67 | egg | atody |
| 68 | horn | tandroka |
| 69 | tail | rambo |
| 70 | feather | penina, volom-borona |
| 71 | hair | bolo |
| 72 | head | loha |
| 73 | ear | sofina |
| 74 | eye | maso |
| 75 | nose | orona |
| 76 | mouth | vava |
| 77 | tooth | nify |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lela |
| 79 | fingernail | hoho |
| 80 | foot | tongotra |
| 81 | leg | ranjo |
| 82 | knee | lohalika |
| 83 | hand | tanana |
| 84 | wing | elatra |
| 85 | belly | kibo |
| 86 | guts | tsinay |
| 87 | neck | vozona, tenda |
| 88 | back | lamosina |
| 89 | breast | tratra |
| 90 | heart | fo |
| 91 | liver | aty |
| 92 | to drink | misotro |
| 93 | to eat | mihinana |
| 94 | to bite | manaikitra |
| 95 | to suck | mifiaka |
| 96 | to spit | mandrehoka |
| 97 | to vomit | mandoa |
| 98 | to blow | mitsoka |
| 99 | to breathe | miaina, misefo |
| 100 | to laugh | hehy, tokelaka |
| 101 | to see | mahita |
| 102 | to hear | maheno |
| 103 | to know | mahafantatra |
| 104 | to think | mieritreritra |
| 105 | to smell | manambolo |
| 106 | to fear | matahotra, manahy |
| 107 | to sleep | matory |
| 108 | to live | velona |
| 109 | to die | nodimandry, maty |
| 110 | to kill | mamono, mahafaty |
| 111 | to fight | miady |
| 112 | to hunt | mihaza |
| 113 | to hit | mikapoka |
| 114 | to cut | mandidy |
| 115 | to split | mamaky |
| 116 | to stab | manatsatoka antsy |
| 117 | to scratch | mikiky, mikaoka |
| 118 | to dig | mihady, mandavaka |
| 119 | to swim | milomano |
| 120 | to fly | manidina |
| 121 | to walk | mandeha |
| 122 | to come | avy, tonga, tamy |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | mivelatra (action) |
| 124 | to sit | mipetraka (action) |
| 125 | to stand | mifoha, mitsangana (action) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | mihodina |
| 127 | to fall | mianjera |
| 128 | to give | manome |
| 129 | to hold | mitantana |
| 130 | to squeeze | mandray |
| 131 | to rub | manakasoka |
| 132 | to wash | manasa |
| 133 | to wipe | mamafa |
| 134 | to pull | mitifitra |
| 135 | to push | manosika |
| 136 | to throw | manoraka |
| 137 | to tie | mamehy, mamatotra |
| 138 | to sew | manjaitra |
| 139 | to count | manisa |
| 140 | to say | milaza, miteny |
| 141 | to sing | mihira, mikalo |
| 142 | to play | milalao |
| 143 | to float | mitsinkafona |
| 144 | to flow | mikoriana |
| 145 | to freeze | mandry |
| 146 | to swell | mibontsina |
| 147 | sun | masoandro |
| 148 | moon | volana |
| 149 | star | kintana |
| 150 | water | rano |
| 151 | rain | orana |
| 152 | river | renirano |
| 153 | lake | kamory, farihy |
| 154 | sea | ranomasina, riaka |
| 155 | salt | sira |
| 156 | stone | vato |
| 157 | sand | fasika |
| 158 | dust | vovoka |
| 159 | earth | tany |
| 160 | cloud | rahona |
| 161 | fog | zavona |
| 162 | sky | lanitra |
| 163 | wind | rivotra |
| 164 | snow | ranomandry, lanezy |
| 165 | ice | rano mandry |
| 166 | smoke | setroka |
| 167 | fire | afo |
| 168 | ash | lavenona |
| 169 | to burn | may |
| 170 | road | lalana |
| 171 | mountain | tondrombohitra |
| 172 | red | mena |
| 173 | green | maitso |
| 174 | yellow | mavo |
| 175 | white | fotsy |
| 176 | black | mainty |
| 177 | night | alina |
| 178 | day | andro |
| 179 | year | taona |
| 180 | warm | mafana |
| 181 | cold | mangatsiaka |
| 182 | full | feno |
| 183 | new | vaovao |
| 184 | old | antitra, tonta |
| 185 | good | tsara |
| 186 | bad | ratsy |
| 187 | rotten | bobongolo (mouldy) |
| 188 | dirty | maloto |
| 189 | straight | mahitsy |
| 190 | round | boribory |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | maranitra |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | dombo |
| 193 | smooth | malama |
| 194 | wet | mando |
| 195 | dry | maina |
| 196 | correct | mendrika |
| 197 | near | akaiky |
| 198 | far | lavitra |
| 199 | right | havanana |
| 200 | left | havia |
| 201 | at | izy (postposition) |
| 202 | in | anaty |
| 203 | with | amin'ny |
| 204 | and | sy, ary |
| 205 | if | raha |
| 206 | because | satria |
| 207 | name | anarana |
Bibliography [edit]
- Dictionnaire français-malgache (Narivelo Rajaonarimanana, Pierre Vérin), L'Asiathèque, Paris 2000 - ISBN 2-901795-54-4
- Le malgache de poche, Assimil, Chennevières-sur-Marne 2004 - ISBN 2-7005-0270-1
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
External links [edit]
- Malagasy dictionaries (Lexilogos)
- Malagasy Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- Wikibolana (Malagasy Wiktionary)