Appendix:Lithuanian Swadesh list
This is an Swadesh list of words in English and Lithuanian.
Contents |
[edit] Presentation
At the end of the 1940s new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. The linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed in a roughly similar way and therefore undertook to transfer these methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings presumed to be universal, that means to be available in as many as possible cultures. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew up in 1952 to 215 meanings, which, however, turned out to be not universal enough. Subsequently it was reduced to 207, and 1955 to 100 meanings, again reformulated and published posthumous in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
Note that Swadesh lists are not to be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, please refer to the numerous existing Wikitravel.
[edit] List
| No. | English | Lithuanian lietuvių kalba |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | aš |
| 2 | you (singular) | tu, Jūs (formal) |
| 3 | he | jis |
| 4 | we | mes |
| 5 | you (plural) | jūs |
| 6 | they | jie |
| 7 | this | šis |
| 8 | that | tas (2 level), anas (3 level) |
| 9 | here | čia |
| 10 | there | ten |
| 11 | who | kas (interrogative) |
| 12 | what | kas (interrogative) |
| 13 | where | kur (interrogative) |
| 14 | when | kada (interrogative) |
| 15 | how | kaip (interrogative) |
| 16 | not | ne ... |
| 17 | all | viskas, visi |
| 18 | many | daug |
| 19 | some | kažkiek |
| 20 | few | keletas |
| 21 | other | kitas |
| 22 | one | vienas |
| 23 | two | du |
| 24 | three | trys |
| 25 | four | keturi |
| 26 | five | penki |
| 27 | big | didelis |
| 28 | long | ilgas |
| 29 | wide | platus |
| 30 | thick | storas, tankus, tirštas |
| 31 | heavy | sunkus |
| 32 | small | mažas |
| 33 | short | trumpas |
| 34 | narrow | siauras |
| 35 | thin | plonas |
| 36 | woman | moteris |
| 37 | man (adult male) | vyras |
| 38 | man (human being) | žmogus |
| 39 | child | vaikas |
| 40 | wife | žmona |
| 41 | husband | vyras |
| 42 | mother | motina |
| 43 | father | tėvas |
| 44 | animal | gyvulys |
| 45 | fish | žuvis |
| 46 | bird | paukštis |
| 47 | dog | šuo |
| 48 | louse | utėlė |
| 49 | snake | gyvatė |
| 50 | worm | kirminas |
| 51 | tree | medis |
| 52 | forest | miškas |
| 53 | stick | lazda |
| 54 | fruit | vaisius |
| 55 | seed | sėkla |
| 56 | leaf | lapas |
| 57 | root | šaknis |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | žievė |
| 59 | flower | gėlė |
| 60 | grass | žolė |
| 61 | rope | virvė |
| 62 | skin | oda |
| 63 | meat | mėsa |
| 64 | blood | kraujas |
| 65 | bone | kaulas |
| 66 | fat (noun) | riebalai |
| 67 | egg | kiaušinis |
| 68 | horn | ragas |
| 69 | tail | uodega |
| 70 | feather | plunksna |
| 71 | hair | plaukai |
| 72 | head | galva |
| 73 | ear | ausis |
| 74 | eye | akis |
| 75 | nose | nosis |
| 76 | mouth | burna |
| 77 | tooth | dantis |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | liežuvis |
| 79 | fingernail | nagas |
| 80 | foot | pėda |
| 81 | leg | koja |
| 82 | knee | kelis |
| 83 | hand | ranka |
| 84 | wing | sparnas |
| 85 | belly | pilvas |
| 86 | guts | viduriai |
| 87 | neck | kaklas |
| 88 | back | nugara |
| 89 | breast | krūtis |
| 90 | heart | širdis |
| 91 | liver | kepenys |
| 92 | to drink | gerti |
| 93 | to eat | valgyti |
| 94 | to bite | kąsti |
| 95 | to suck | čiulpti |
| 96 | to spit | spjauti |
| 97 | to vomit | vemti |
| 98 | to blow | pūsti |
| 99 | to breathe | kvėpuoti |
| 100 | to laugh | juoktis |
| 101 | to see | matyti |
| 102 | to hear | girdėti |
| 103 | to know | žinoti |
| 104 | to think | galvoti |
| 105 | to smell | uosti |
| 106 | to fear | bijoti |
| 107 | to sleep | miegoti |
| 108 | to live | gyventi |
| 109 | to die | mirti |
| 110 | to kill | žudyti |
| 111 | to fight | kovoti |
| 112 | to hunt | medžioti |
| 113 | to hit | smogti |
| 114 | to cut | pjauti, kirpti |
| 115 | to split | skelti |
| 116 | to stab | durti |
| 117 | to scratch | drėksti, brėžti |
| 118 | to dig | kasti, rausti |
| 119 | to swim | plaukti |
| 120 | to fly | skristi |
| 121 | to walk | eiti |
| 122 | to come | ateiti |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | gulti (action), gulėti (state) |
| 124 | to sit | sėsti (action), sėdėti (state) |
| 125 | to stand | stoti (action), stovėti (state) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | apsisukti |
| 127 | to fall | kristi |
| 128 | to give | duoti |
| 129 | to hold | laikyti |
| 130 | to squeeze | spausti, gręžti |
| 131 | to rub | trinti |
| 132 | to wash | plauti, skalbti |
| 133 | to wipe | šluoti |
| 134 | to pull | traukti |
| 135 | to push | stumti |
| 136 | to throw | mesti |
| 137 | to tie | rišti |
| 138 | to sew | siūti |
| 139 | to count | skaičiuoti |
| 140 | to say | sakyti |
| 141 | to sing | dainuoti |
| 142 | to play | žaisti |
| 143 | to float | plūduriuoti |
| 144 | to flow | tekėti |
| 145 | to freeze | šalti |
| 146 | to swell | tinti |
| 147 | sun | saulė |
| 148 | moon | mėnulis |
| 149 | star | žvaigždė |
| 150 | water | vanduo |
| 151 | rain | lietus |
| 152 | river | upė |
| 153 | lake | ežeras |
| 154 | sea | jūra |
| 155 | salt | druska |
| 156 | stone | akmuo |
| 157 | sand | smėlis |
| 158 | dust | dulkės |
| 159 | earth | žemė |
| 160 | cloud | debesis |
| 161 | fog | rūkas |
| 162 | sky | dangus |
| 163 | wind | vėjas |
| 164 | snow | sniegas |
| 165 | ice | ledas |
| 166 | smoke | dūmai |
| 167 | fire | ugnis |
| 168 | ash | pelenai |
| 169 | to burn | degti |
| 170 | road | kelias |
| 171 | mountain | kalnas |
| 172 | red | raudonas |
| 173 | green | žalias |
| 174 | yellow | geltonas |
| 175 | white | baltas |
| 176 | black | juodas |
| 177 | night | naktis |
| 178 | day | diena |
| 179 | year | metai |
| 180 | warm | šiltas |
| 181 | cold | šaltas |
| 182 | full | pilnas |
| 183 | new | naujas |
| 184 | old | senas |
| 185 | good | geras |
| 186 | bad | blogas |
| 187 | rotten | supuvęs |
| 188 | dirty | nešvarus, purvinas |
| 189 | straight | tiesiai |
| 190 | round | apskritas |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | aštrus |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | bukas |
| 193 | smooth | glotnus |
| 194 | wet | drėgnas |
| 195 | dry | sausas |
| 196 | correct | teisingas |
| 197 | near | arti, šalia |
| 198 | far | toli |
| 199 | right | dešinė |
| 200 | left | kairė |
| 201 | at | į, locative |
| 202 | in | į, locative |
| 203 | with | su |
| 204 | and | ir |
| 205 | if | jei |
| 206 | because | nes, kadangi |
| 207 | name | vardas |
[edit] Bibliography
- Le lituanien de poche, Assimil, Chennevières-sur-Marne 2005 - ISBN 2-7005-0356-2
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
[edit] External links
- Lithuanian dictionaries (Lexilogos)
- Polish-Lithuanian dictionaries
- Vikižodynas (Lithuanian Wiktionary)
- Misc. free Lithuanian-* dictionaries