Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*gʰrendʰ-

1. beam, plank

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰrendʰ-‎ (10 c, 0 e)

• *gʰrendʰ-is
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)
    • Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *grindilaz
      • Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ
    • Old Prussian: *grandā
      • ⇒ grandico
  • Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā
    • Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰrondʰ-il-os
  • Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz
    • Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

See also

• ^?*gʰren- (“front edge, protrusion”)
• Proto-Germanic *grumþuz (“ground”), which apparently points to *gʰrem-

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghrendh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 459–460

Etymology 2

Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).

Root

*gʰrendʰ-

1. to grind, rub
2. granule, particle, grain (of sand)
3. lump, mass

Alternative reconstructions

• *gʰrenHdʰ- (laryngeal based on Balto-Slavic accent)
• *gʷʰren(H)dʰ- (labiovelar based on Latin frendō)
• *gʰrend- (based on the Balto-Slavic and Ancient Greek χόνδρος (khóndros) (< *gʰrónd-ro-s?))

Reconstruction notes

Given the variety of conflicting reconstructions and fairly wide semantic range, existence of this root is uncertain.

Derived terms

• *gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)
  • Proto-Albanian:
    • >? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-
    • Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • >? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʰrendʰ-éh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʰrendʰ-o-
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą
    • Proto-West Germanic: *grind
      • Old Dutch: *grint n
        • Middle Dutch: grint
          • Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)
      • Old High German: grint m
        • Middle High German: grint
          • German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)

• *gʰróndʰ-o-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f
  • Proto-Germanic: *grandą n
    • Proto-West Germanic: *grand
      • Old Saxon:
        • Middle Low German:
          • Low German: grand (“rough sand”)
    • Old Norse: *grand
      • Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)

• *gʰrondʰ-ō
  • Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ
    • Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)

Further reading

• Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grǫ̀da; *grǫdъ; *grùda; *grudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 192