Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éryeti
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y (Pinault's law).[1]
Verb[edit]
*h₂éryeti (imperfective)
- to be ploughing
Alternative reconstructions[edit]
- *h₂érh₃yeti[2]
Inflection[edit]
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂éryeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂éryonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éryoh₂ | *h₂éryom | — | *h₂éryōh₂ | *h₂éryoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂éryesi | *h₂éryes | *h₂érye | *h₂éryēsi | *h₂éryoys |
| 3rd singular | *h₂éryeti | *h₂éryet | *h₂éryetu | *h₂éryēti | *h₂éryoyt |
| 1st dual | *h₂éryowos | *h₂éryowe | — | *h₂éryōwos | *h₂éryoywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₂éryetes | *h₂éryetom | *h₂éryetom | *h₂éryētes | *h₂éryoytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₂éryetes | *h₂éryetām | *h₂éryetām | *h₂éryētes | *h₂éryoytām |
| 1st plural | *h₂éryomos | *h₂éryome | — | *h₂éryōmos | *h₂éryoyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₂éryete | *h₂éryete | *h₂éryete | *h₂éryēte | *h₂éryoyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₂éryonti | *h₂éryont | *h₂éryontu | *h₂éryōnti | *h₂éryoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₂éryonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éryoh₂er | *h₂éryoh₂e | — | *h₂éryōh₂er | *h₂éryoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₂éryeth₂er | *h₂éryeth₂e | *h₂éryeso | *h₂éryēth₂er | *h₂éryoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₂éryetor | *h₂éryeto | *? | *h₂éryētor | *h₂éryoyto, *h₂éryoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₂éryowosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryowedʰh₂ | — | *h₂éryōwosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₂éryomosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryomedʰh₂ | — | *h₂éryōmosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₂éryedʰh₂we | *h₂éryedʰh₂we | *h₂éryedʰh₂we | *h₂éryēdʰh₂we | *h₂éryoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₂éryoror, *h₂éryontor | *h₂éryoro, *h₂éryonto | *? | *h₂éryōror, *h₂éryōntor | *h₂éryoyro, *h₂éryoyh₁n̥to |
| Participle | *h₂éryomnos | ||||
Descendants[edit]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtei
- Proto-Celtic: *aryeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *arjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *aroyō (with restored laryngeal)
- Ancient Greek: ἀρόω (aróō)
- Proto-Italic: *araō (with restored laryngeal)
- Latin: arō (see there for further descendants)
References[edit]
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 15
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂erh₃-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 272