Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-ŋja

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology 1

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ngyaɣ (Coblin, 1986); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *ngya (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *ŋya (LaPolla, 1987; Benedict, 1972); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Noun

*s-ŋja

1. fish

Descendants

• Old Chinese: 魚／鱼 (yú) ("fish"), 漁/䱷 ("to fish") (both: /*ŋa/ (ZS))

  (魚 in the oracle bone script)

  • Middle Chinese: 魚／鱼 (yú), 漁/䱷 (both: /ŋɨʌ/)

**:

→ Japanese: 魚 (ぎょ, ​gyo)
Korean: 어 (魚, eo)
Vietnamese: ngư (魚)

• • • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 魚／鱼 (yú), 漁／渔 (yú) (yú, /y³⁵/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 魚／鱼 (yú), 漁／渔 (yú) /jyː²¹/
    • Wu
      • Shanghai: 魚／鱼 (yú), 漁／渔 (yú) /ɦŋ̍²³/
  • Min
    • Min Nan
      • Taiwan: 魚／鱼 (yú), 漁／渔 (yú) (both: /hi²⁴/, /hu²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡu²⁴/ (literary for 魚))
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Kaike: ngā
      • Tshangla: ŋa
      • Tawang Monpa: ȵᴀ¹³
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: ཉ (nya, “fish”)
        • Dzongkha: ཉ (nya)
        • Sherpa: ཉ (nya)
      • Eastern Bodish:
        • Kurtöp: ཉ (nya)
    • Lepcha: ᰅᰫ (ngú, “fish”)
    • Tamangic
      • Tamang (Sahu): २तारङा (²tarŋa, “fish”)
      • Eastern Tamang: 'tar ŋa
      • Western Gurung: 'ta ŋa
      • Manangba: dar² ŋa²
      • Thakali: tɔr ŋɔ
  • Newar
    • Newar (Dolakhali): ङ (ŋa, “fish”)
    • Newar (Kathmandu): ञ (nya, “fish”)
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kiranti
      • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
        • Limbu: ᤏᤠ᤺ (naː, “fish”)
        • Yamphu: ङा (ṅā, “fish”)
        • Northern Lorung: ङाः (ŋa, “fish”)
        • Athpare: ŋa sa
      • Western Kiranti
        • Dumi: ङु (ŋu, “fish”)
        • Khaling: ङो़ (ngö, “fish”)
        • Bahing: ŋa
        • Thulung: ŋoː
      • Southern Kiranti
        • Bantawa: na
        • Kulung: ŋa
        • Chamling: ngasa
• Northeast Indian Areal Group
  • North Assam
    • Tani
      • Western Tani
        • Apatani: ŋúi
        • Nyishi: ŋu-i
        • Adi: o-ŋoː
        • Galo: ŋoi
        • Mising: ŋui
        • Nyishi: ngui
      • Deng
        • Miju: ɑ³¹ ŋɑ⁵⁵
        • Idu: ŋa
    • Kuki-Chin
      • Northern Chin
        • Siyin Chin: ngā sā
        • Thado Chin: ngâa
        • Tedim Chin: nga¹
      • Southern Plains Chin
        • Asho Chin: ngó
        • Chinbon Chin: ŋo
        • Mün Chin: nga
        • Khumi Chin: ngoo
        • Nga La: ŋa
        • Daai Chin: ŋá
      • Central Chin
        • Lai: ŋàa
        • Falam Chin: ŋâa
        • Mizo: hŋa
      • Maraic
        • Mara Chin: ngá
    • "Naga" areal group
      • Central Naga
        • Ao: ³a ¹ŋuʔ
        • Lotha Naga: ¹o ²ŋo(ʔ)
        • Sangtam Naga: ngu
        • Yimchungru Naga: thü ngü
      • Angami-Pochuri
        • Pochuri Naga: anga
        • North Nuaulu: anga
      • Zemic
        • Rongmei Naga: ŋa
    • Meithei
      • Manipuri: ŋà
    • Sal
      • Bodo-Garo
        • Garo: na·- (“prefix for types of fish”)
        • Bodo (India): naʔ
        • Atong (India): na•
        • Dimasa: na
      • Northern Naga
        • Nocte Naga: ŋaʔ
        • Tangsa: ŋaʔ
        • Chang: ŋàu
        • Khiamniungan Naga: ¹ŋo̥ᴜʔ
        • Konyak Naga: nya
        • Phom: ñaʔ
        • Wancho: nya
      • Jingpho
        • Jingpho: ŋa⁵⁵
        • Chak: təna
• Tangut-Qiang
  • Qiangic
    • Ersu: ȵæ³⁵
    • Guiqiong: tʃɿ⁵³ ȵi⁵³
    • Queyu: ȵa¹³
    • Shixing: ʔu⁵⁵
• Nungic
  • Anong: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
  • Rawang: ŋɑ³³
  • Drung: ŋɑ⁵⁵ pɿɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Written Burmese: ငါး (nga:, “fish”)
      • Achang: ŋa³¹ ʂua³¹
      • Pela: ŋə̆ ta³¹
      • Hpon: tă ŋàh
      • Lhao Vo: ŋə̆³¹ tsɔ³¹
      • Lashi: ŋə̆³¹ tso³³
      • Marma: ŋá
      • Anyin Morofo: ŋŏ²¹ tso²¹
    • Loloish
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꉛ (hxe, “fish”)
        • Katso: ŋa³¹ mɛ⁴⁴
        • Nusu: ŋɑ⁵⁵
      • Central Loloish
        • Youle Jino: ŋɔ³³
        • Buyuan Jino: ŋɔ⁴⁴ tɤ³¹
        • Kucong: ŋʌ³¹
        • Lahu: ŋâ
        • Lisu: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
        • Sani: ŋɒ⁵⁵
      • Southern Loloish
        • Akha: ŋà --> ŋà sjhà
        • Enu: ŋà shà
        • Hani: ŋa³¹ de⁵⁵
        • Biyo: ŋa³¹ ɕa³¹
        • Kaduo: ŋò shɔ̀
        • Honi: ŋɔ³¹ ʃɔ³¹
        • Mpi: ŋo²
      • Southeastern Loloish
        • Azha: a³³ ŋɔ²²
        • Southern Muji: ŋa⁵⁵ mjɛ⁵⁵
        • Phola: ŋɑ³¹ zɨ̠²³
        • Hlepho Phowa: ŋa³³ ɡɯ²¹
        • Phukha: ŋaʔ³⁵
        • Phuza: ŋa³³ za³³
• Karenic
  • S'gaw Karen: [script needed] (ȵa³¹)
• Bai
  • Panyi Bai: ŋu⁵⁵
  • Southern Bai: ŋv³⁵
  • Central Bai: ŋv⁵⁵

Etymology 2

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *d‑ŋa (Matisoff, 2003)

Noun

*s-ŋja

1. tusk; tooth

Descendants

• Old Chinese: 牙 (yá) /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/ (B-S), /*ŋraː/ (ZS) ("tooth")
  • Middle Chinese: 牙 (ŋˠa)
    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 牙 (yá) (yá, /ia³⁵/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 牙 (yá) /ŋaː²¹/
    • Wu
      • Shanghai: 牙 (yá) /ŋa²³/
  • Min
    • Min Nan
      • Taiwan: 牙 (yá) /ɡe²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡa²⁴/ (literary)

See also

• *s-nja-k (“flesh, meat”)
• *r/s-ŋ(y)a (“borrow, lend”)
• *ŋa (“I”)
• *l/b-ŋa (“five”)