User:Sartma/Hybrid Hebrew transliteration 2.0
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Hybrid Hebrew transliteration[edit]
A new transliteration proposal for Biblical Hebrew. The following conversion table gives a one-to-one transliteration guide for Biblical Hebrew vowels. The combination of the 7 vowel system plus the use of macrons makes it possible to always know what mater lectionis corresponds to the transliterated value, correcting the inconsistencies of the "circumflex transliteration system" (מָה\מֶה\מַה mâ/meh/mah vs mɔ/mɛ/ma, "ê" used to transliterate both אֵה and אֵי, etc.).
Vowels[edit]
- Basic system: 7 vowel system (a, ɔ, i, e, ɛ, o, u)
- Vowel + ה = simple vowel (mater lectionis heʾ is always used at the end of a word: this means that heʾ can always be postulated for a transliterated word ending in a simple vowel)
- Vowel + mater lectionis (except ה) = macron
בַ = ba בָ = bɔ | (בָי = bɔ̄) | בָה = bɔ בִ = bi | בִי = bī בֵ = be | בֵי = bē | בֵה = be בֶ = bɛ | בֶי = bɛ̄ | בֶה = bɛ בֹ = bo | בוֹ = bō | בֹה = bo בֻ = bu | בוּ = bū
Shwa'[edit]
- The "shwas" would be: ə, ă, ɛ̆, ɔ̆.
- See Vocal and silent shwa'.
Consonants[edit]
- א (aleph) always transliterated as ʾ.
- ק = q (better than ḳ because it has no diacritics + traditional in transliterations of other Semitic languages)
Usage examples[edit]
- אֵּ֫לֶּה (ʾéllɛ)
- אֶל (ʾɛl)
- אַחֵר (ʾaḥér)
- בָּנָה (bɔnɔ́)
- בָּרָא (bɔrɔ́ʾ)
- הִנֵּה (hinné)
- הֵ֫נָּה (hénnɔ)
- הָיָה (hɔyɔ́)
- חַיִל (ḥáyil)
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (yiśrɔʾel)
- יוֹם (yōm)
- כָּל־ (kɔl)
- כֹּה (ko)
- כֹּל (kol)
- כּוֹל (kōl)
- מֶ֫לֶךְ (mɛ́lɛk̠)
- מַחֳנֶה (maḥănɛ́)
- מֹשֶׁה (mošɛ́)
- עָשָׂה (ʿɔśɔ́)
- פְּלִשׁתִּי (pəlištī́)
- צַדִּיק (ṣaddī́q)
- רְשָׁעָה (rəšɔʿɔ́)
- רָשָׁע (rɔšɔʿ)
- שְׁלֹשִׁים (šəlošī́m)
- שָׁכַב (šɔk̠áb̠)
- שָׁלוֹם (šɔlṓm)
- תּוֹרָה (tōrɔ́)
Vocabulary comparison[edit]
Lemma | Traditional | Module:he-translit | Sartma Hybrid | Sartma Hybrid 2.0 |
---|---|---|---|---|
בַּיִת | báyiṯ | báyiṯ | báyiṯ | báyiṯ |
בֵּית | bêṯ | bēṯ | bēṯ | bēṯ |
בָּתִּים | bāttî́m | bāttīm | bɔttīm | bɔttī́m |
כֹּהֵן | kōhēn | kōhēn | kohen | kohén |
מֶ֫לֶךְ | méleḵ | meleḵ | mɛ́lɛḵ | mɛ́lɛḵ |
מַמְלָכָה | mamlāḵâ | mamlāḵā | mamlɔḵɔ̂ | mamlɔḵɔ́ |
שָׂדֶה | śāḏê | śāḏe | śɔḏɛ̂ | śɔḏɛ́ |
שְׂדֵה | śəḏê | śəḏē | śəḏê | śəḏé |
דָּגֵשׁ | dāḡḗš | dāḡēš | dɔḡeš | dɔḡéš |
List for transliteration comparison[edit]
Simple vowels[edit]
- Qɔ́mɛṣ
- Páṯaḥ
- Ṣerḗ
- Səḡōl
- Ḥī́rɛq
- Ḥólɛm
- Qibbū́ṣ
Matres lectionis[edit]
- Ḥī́rɛq mɔléʾ
- Ṣerḗ mɔléʾ
- Šū́rɛq
- Ḥólɛm mɔléʾ
- Qɔ́mɛṣ heʾ
- Páṯaḥ heʾ
- Səḡōl heʾ
- Ṣerḗ heʾ
- Ḥólɛm heʾ
- Consistency test
Shwas[edit]
- Šəwɔ́ʾ
- Ḥɔṭép̄ páṯaḥ
- Ḥɔṭép̄ səḡōl
- Ḥɔṭép̄ qɔ́mɛṣ
Páṯaḥ furtivum[edit]
Segoletes[edit]
Ability to distinguish spelling[edit]
- Plene spelling
- Mappiq vs vowel + heʾ
- Distinctive spelling of syllable final ṣerḗ vs səḡōl
- Distinctive spelling of syllable final ḥólɛm
Examples[edit]
Word | Traditional | Superscript | Sartma 1 | Sartma 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
simple | with accent | ||||
בָּרָא | bārā́ʾ | bɔrɔˀ | bɔrɔʾ | bɔrɔ́ʾ | |
אַרְגָּמָן | ʾargāmā́n | ʔargɔmɔn | ʾargɔmɔn | ʾargɔmɔ́n | |
תַּ֫חַת | táḥaṯ | táḥaṯ | |||
עַ֫יִן | ʿáyin | ʕáyin | ʿáyin | ||
כֹּהֵן | kōhḗn | kohen | kohén | ||
אֵל | ʾēl | ʔel | ʾel | ||
אֶל | ʾel | ʔɛl | ʾɛl | ||
נֶ֫פֶשׁ | nép̄eš | nɛ́p̄ɛš | |||
אִם | ʾim | ʔim | ʾim | ||
יִשְׂרָאֵל | yiśrāʾēl | yiśrɔʔel | yiśrɔʾel | yiśrɔʾél | |
קֹ֫דֶשׁ | qṓḏeš | qóḏɛš | |||
רֹב | rōḇ | roḇ | |||
נְאֻם | nəʾúm | nəʔum | nəʾum | nəʾúm | |
שֻׁלְחָן | šulḥān | šulḥɔn | šulḥɔ́n | ||
אָנֹכִי | ʾānōḵî́ | ʔɔnoḵiʸ | ʾɔnoḵī | ʾɔnoḵī́ | |
אֲנָשִׁים | ʾănāšî́m | ʔănɔšiʸm | ʾănɔšīm | ʾănɔšī́m | |
בֵּין | bên | beʸn | bēn | ||
תֵּימָן | têmā́n | teʸmɔn | tēmɔn | tēmɔ́n | |
יְהוּדִי | yəhûḏî́ | yəhuʷḏiʸ | yəhūḏī | yəhūḏī́ | |
שְׁמוּאֵל | šəmûʾḗl | šəmuʷʔel | šəmūʾel | šəmūʾél | |
גָּדוֹל | gāḏốl | gɔḏoʷl | gɔḏōl | gɔḏṓl | |
שָׁלוֹם | šālốm | šɔloʷm | šɔlōm | šɔlṓm | |
מַצֵּבָה | maṣṣēḇấ | maṣṣeḇɔʰ | maṣṣeḇɔ̂ | maṣṣeḇɔ | maṣṣeḇɔ́ |
מֶרְכָּבָה | merkāḇâ | mɛrkɔḇɔʰ | mɛrkɔḇɔ̂ | mɛrkɔḇɔ | mɛrkɔḇɔ́ |
מַה | mah | maʰ | mâ | ma | |
יָפֶה | yāp̄éh | yɔp̄ɛʰ | yɔp̄ɛ̂ | yɔp̄ɛ | yɔp̄ɛ́ |
מֹשֶׁה | mōšéh | mošɛʰ | mošɛ̂ | mošɛ | mošɛ́ |
אַרְיֵה | ʾaryḗh | ʔaryeʰ | ʾaryê | ʾarye | ʾaryé |
אַיֵּה | ʾayyḗh | ʔayyeʰ | ʾayyê | ʾayye | ʾayyé |
כֹּה | kōh | koʰ | kô | ko | |
פֹּה | pōh | poʰ | pô | po | |
מָה | mâ | mɔʰ | mɔ̂ | mɔ | |
מֶה | meh | mɛʰ | mɛ̂ | mɛ | |
מַה | mah | maʰ | mâ | ma | |
כְּנַ֫עַן | kənáʿan | knáʕan | kənáʿan | ||
נְחֹ֫שֶׁת | nəḥṓšeṯ | nəḥóšɛṯ | |||
מַחֲשָׁבָה | maḥăšāḇấ | maḥăšɔḇɔʰ | maḥăšɔḇɔ̂ | maḥăšɔḇɔ | maḥăšɔḇɔ́ |
יַעֲקֹב | yaʿăqṓḇ | yaʕăqoḇ | yaʿăqoḇ | yaʿăqóḇ | |
אֱדוֹם | ʾĕḏốm | ʔĕḏoʷm | ʾɛ̆ḏōm | ʾɛ̆ḏṓm | |
אֱלֹהִים | ʾĕlōhî́m | ʔĕlohiʸm | ʾɛ̆lohīm | ʾɛ̆lohī́m | |
מָרְדֳּכַי | mordŏḵái | mɔrdɔ̆ḵay | mɔrdɔ̆ḵáy | ||
עֳנִי | ʿŏnî́ | ʕŏniʸ | ʿɔ̆nī | ʿɔ̆nī́ | |
כֹּחַ | kṓᵃḥ | kóaḥ | |||
רֵיחַ | rếᵃḥ | reʸaḥ | rḗaḥ | ||
יֵשׁוּעַ | yēšû́ᵃʿ | yešuʷaʕ | yešū́aʿ | ||
רֶ֫גֶל | réḡel | rɛ́ḡɛl | |||
חֹ֫רֶשׁ | ḥṓreš | ḥórɛš | |||
אֵ֫פֶר | ʾḗp̄er | ʔép̄ɛr | ʾép̄ɛr | ||
כֹּל | kōl | kol | |||
כּוֹל | kôl | koʷl | kōl | ||
נֹ֫גַהּ | nṓḡah | nóḡah | |||
עָלֶה | ʿāléh | ʕɔlɛʰ | ʿɔlɛ̂ | ʿɔlɛ | ʿɔlɛ́ |
מַרְפֵּא | marpḗʾ | marpeˀ | marpeʾ | marpéʾ | |
אֵי | ʾê | ʔeʸ | ʾē | ||
אֹפֵּה ʾōppḗh | ʔoppeʰ | ʾoppê | ʾoppe | ʾoppé | |
מְנַשֶּׁה | mənaššéh | mənaššɛʰ | mənaššɛ̂ | mənaššɛ | mənaššɛ́ |
פֹּה | pōh | poʰ | pô | po | |
פּוֹ | pô | poʷ | pō | ||
פֹּא | pōʾ | poˀ | poʾ |