ḏbꜣ

See also: dbꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈcʼaːbaʀ/ → /ˈtʼaːbaʀ/ → /ˈtʼaːbəʕ/ → /ˈtʼoːβəʕ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈcʼaːbaʀ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼaːbaʀ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼaːbəʕ/, with irregular development at some point, perhaps of a final /ʕ/ — Vycichl proposes contamination of this word by ḏbꜥ.
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼoːβəʕ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɛbɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: djeba

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to take (someone else’s seat in a boat) [Pyramid Texts]
2. (transitive) to replace (something) (+ m: with (something else))
3. (transitive, mathematics) to convert (a value) (+ m: to)
4. (transitive) to stand in for, to substitute for (someone) [Greco-Roman Period]
5. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to buy (something) [since the New Kingdom]
6. (transitive) to repay, to reward, to requite (good or evil deeds) (+ n: of (someone); + m: with)
7. (transitive) to punish (enemies) (+ m or ḥr: for) [chiefly Greco-Roman Period]
8. (transitive) to change into (clothes) (+ n: to change (someone) into (some clothes)) [since the Pyramid Texts]
9. (transitive) to dress or adorn (someone) (+ m: with, in) [since the Pyramid Texts]
10. (transitive, of a person) to be supplied, provided, or armed with [since the 18th Dynasty]
11. (transitive) to supply (a place or building) (+ m: with) [Greco-Roman Period]
12. (transitive) to block up (+ m: with)
13. (intransitive) to be(come) adorned (+ m: with)

Inflection

Conjugation of ḏbꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḏbꜣ, geminated stem: ḏbꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḏbꜣ	ḏbꜣw, ḏbꜣ	ḏbꜣt	ḏbꜣ	ḏbꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḏbꜣ	ḥr ḏbꜣ	m ḏbꜣ	r ḏbꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḏbꜣ.n	ḏbꜣw, ḏbꜣ	consecutive	ḏbꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḏbꜣt
perfective3	ḏbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḏbꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḏbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḏbꜣ	ḏbꜣꜣ	potentialis1	ḏbꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḏbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḏbꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḏbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḏbꜣ	ḏbꜣ, ḏbꜣw5, ḏbꜣy5
imperfective	ḏbꜣ, ḏbꜣy, ḏbꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḏbꜣ, ḏbꜣj6, ḏbꜣy6	ḏbꜣ, ḏbꜣw5
prospective	ḏbꜣ, ḏbꜣtj7	—	ḏbꜣtj4, ḏbꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḏbꜣ  

ḏbꜣ	dbꜣ
in sense ‘block up’

Derived terms

• ḏbꜣw

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲃⲉ (touoube)
• Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲃ (tōb)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲓ (tōōbi)
• Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (tōbe)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ (tōōbe)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 555.5–558.15
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 321
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 107, 164