Appendix:Amharic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Amharic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishAmharic
አማርኛ (ʾämarña)
edit (207)
1I (1sg)እኔ (ʾəne)
2you (2sg)አንተ (ʾäntä), አንቺ (ʾänči), ርስዎ (rəswo) (formal)
3he, she, it (3sg)እሱ (ʾəsu) (masculine), እሷ (ʾəsʷa) (feminine)
4we (1pl)እኛ (ʾəña)
5you (2pl)እናንተ (ʾənantä)
6they (3pl)እነርሱ (ʾənärsu)
7thisይህ (yəh)
8that (ya)
9hereእዚህ (ʾəzih)
10thereእዚያ (ʾəziya)
11whoማን (man)
12whatምን (mən)
13whereየት (yät)
14whenመቼ (mäče)
15howእንዴት (ʾəndet)
16notአይደለም (ʾäydäläm)
17allሁሉም (hulum)
18manyብዙ (bəzu)
19someየተወሰነ (yätäwäsänä)
20fewጥቂት (ṭəḳit)
21otherሌላ (lela)
22oneአንድ (ʾänd)
23twoሁለት (hulät)
24threeሶስት (sost)
25fourአራት (ʾärat)
26fiveአምስት (ʾämsət)
27bigትልቅ (təlḳ)
28longረዝም (räzm)
29wideሰፊ (säfi)
30thickደንዳና (dändana )
31heavyከባድ (käbad)
32smallትንሽ (tənš)
33shortአጭር (ʾäč̣r)
34narrowጠባብ (ṭäbab)
35thinቀጭን (ḳäč̣n)
36womanሴትዮ (setyo )
37man (adult male)ጎልማሳ (golmasa )
38man (human being)ሰዉ (säwu)
39childህጻን (həṣan)
40wifeሚስት (mist)
41husbandባል (bal)
42motherእናት (ʾənat)
43fatherአባት (ʾäbat)
44animalእንስሳ (ʾənsəsa)
45fishአሳ (ʾäsa)
46birdወፍ (wäf)
47dogዉሻ (wuša)
48louseቅማል (ḳəmal)
49snakeእባብ (ʾəbab)
50wormትል (təl)
51treeዛፍ (zaf)
52forestደን (dän)
53stickልምጭ (ləmč̣)
54fruitፍራፍሬ (fərafre)
55seedዘር (zär)
56leafቅጠል (ḳəṭäl)
57rootስር (sər)
58bark (of a tree)ቅርፊት (ḳərfit)
59flowerአበባ (ʾäbäba)
60grassሳር (sar)
61ropeገመድ (gämäd)
62skinቆዳ (ḳoda)
63meatስጋ (səga)
64bloodደም (däm)
65boneአጥንት (ʾäṭnət)
66fat (noun)ሥብ (śəb)
67eggእንቁላል (ʾənḳulal)
68hornቀንድ (ḳänd)
69tailጅራት (ǧərat)
70featherላባ (laba)
71hairጸጉር (ṣägur)
72headጭንቅላት (č̣ənḳəlat)
73earጆሮ (ǧoro)
74eyeአይን (ʾäyn)
75noseአፍንጫ (ʾäfnəč̣a)
76mouthአፍ (ʾäf)
77toothጥርስ (ṭərs)
78tongue (organ)ምላስ (məlas)
79fingernailጥፍር (ṭəfr)
80footየእግር መዳፍ (yäʾgər mädaf)
81legእግር (ʾəgr)
82kneeጉልበት (gulbät)
83handእጅ (ʾəǧ)
84wingክንፍ (kənf)
85bellyሆድ (hod)
86gutsጉሮሮ (guroro)
87neckአንገት (ʾängät)
88backጀርባ (ǧärba)
89breastጡት (ṭut)
90heartልብ (ləb)
91liverጉበት (gubät)
92to drinkመጠጣት (mäṭäṭat)
93to eatመብላት (mäblat)
94to biteመንከስ (mänkäs)
95to suckመጥባት (mäṭbat)
96to spitመትፋት (mätfat)
97to vomitማስታወክ (mastawäk)
98to blowመንፈስ (mänfäs)
99to breatheመተንፈስ (mätänfäs)
100to laughመሳቅ (mäsaḳ)
101to seeማየት (mayät)
102to hearመስማት (mäsmat)
103to knowማዎቅ (mawoḳ)
104to thinkማሰብ (masäb)
105to smellማሽተት (maštät)
106to fearመፍራት (mäfrat)
107to sleepመተኛት (mätäñat)
108to liveመኖር (mänor)
109to dieመሞት (mämot)
110to killመግደል (mägdäl)
111to fightመታገል (mätagäl)
112to huntማደን (madän)
113to hitመምታት (mämtat)
114to cutመቁረጥ (mäḳuräṭ)
115to splitመነጣጠል (mänäṭaṭäl)
116to stabመዉጋት (mäwugat)
117to scratchመፋቅ (mäfaḳ)
118to digመቆፈር (mäḳofär)
119to swimመዋኘት (mäwañät)
120to flyመብረር (mäbrär)
121to walkመሄድ (mähed)
122to comeመምጣት (mämṭat)
123to lie (as in a bed)መጋደም (mägadäm)
124to sitመቀመጥ (mäḳämäṭ)
125to standመቆም (mäḳom)
126to turn (intransitive)መታጠፍ (mätaṭäf)
127to fallመዉደቅ (mäwudäḳ)
128to giveመስጠት (mäsṭät)
129to holdመያዝ (mäyaz)
130to squeezeመጫን (mäč̣an)
131to rubመቦረሽ (mäboräš)
132to washማጠብ (maṭäb)
133to wipeማሸት(መፈተግ) (mašät(mäfätäg))
134to pullመጎተት (mägotät)
135to pushመግፋት (mägfat)
136to throwመወርወር (mäwärwär)
137to tieማሰር (masär)
138to sewሰስፋት (säsfat)
139to countመቁጠር (mäḳuṭär)
140to sayመናገር (mänagär)
141to singመዘመር (mäzämär)
142to playመጫወት (mäč̣awät)
143to floatመንሳፈፍ (mänsafäf)
144to flowመዉረድ (mäwuräd)
145to freezeመቀዝቀዝ (mäḳäzḳäz)
146to swellማበጥ (mabäṭ)
147sunጸሀይ (ṣähäy)
148moonጨረቃ (č̣äräḳa)
149starኮከብ (kokäb)
150waterዉሃ (wuha)
151rainዝናብ (zənab)
152riverወንዝ (wänz)
153lakeሀይቅ (häyḳ)
154seaባህር (bahr)
155saltጨዉ (č̣äwu)
156stoneድንጋይ (dəngay)
157sandአሸዋ (ʾäšäwa)
158dustአባራ (ʾäbara)
159earthመሬት (märet)
160cloudደመና (dämäna)
161fogጭጋግ (č̣əgag)
162skyሰማይ (sämay)
163windነፋስ (näfas)
164snowብናኝ (bənañ)
165iceበረዶ (bärädo)
166smokeጭስ (č̣əs)
167fireእሳት (ʾəsat)
168ashአመድ (ʾämäd)
169to burnማቃጠል (maḳaṭäl)
170roadመንገድ (mängäd)
171mountainተራራ (tärara)
172redቀይ (ḳäy)
173greenአረንገዴ (ʾärängäde)
174yellowቢጫ (bič̣a)
175whiteነጭ (näč̣)
176blackጥቁር (ṭəḳur)
177nightሌሊት (lelit)
178dayቀን (ḳän)
179yearአመት (ʾämät)
180warmሙቅ (muḳ)
181coldቀዝቃዛ (ḳäzḳaza)
182fullሙሉ (mulu)
183newአዲስ (ʾädis)
184oldአሮጌ (ʾäroge)
185goodጥሩ (ṭəru)
186badመጥፎ (mäṭfo)
187rottenየገማ (yägäma)
188dirtyቆሻሻ (ḳošaša)
189straightቀጥታ (ḳäṭta)
190roundክብ (kəb)
191sharp (as a knife)ስለት (səlät)
192dull (as a knife)የዶለዶመ (yädolädomä)
193smoothለስላሳ (läslasa)
194wetርጥብ (rəṭb)
195dryደረቅ (däräḳ)
196correctትክክል (təkkəl)
197nearቅርብ (ḳərb)
198farሩቅ (ruḳ)
199rightቀኝ (ḳäñ)
200leftግራ (gəra)
201atላይ (lay)
202inዉስጥ (wusṭ )
203withከ….ጋር (kä….gar)
204andእና (ʾəna)
205ifቢሆን (bihon)
206becauseምክንያቱም (məknəyatum)
207nameስም (səm)
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