Appendix:Klingon Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Klingon, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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As an artistic alien constructed language, not all Swadesh terms have straight Klingon translations.

No. English Klingon
tlhIngan
1 I jIH
2 you (singular) SoH
3 he, she, it ghaH
4 we maH
5 you (plural) tlhIH
6 they chaH
7 this -vam
8 that -vetlh
9 here naDev
10 there pa'
11 who 'Iv
12 what nuq
13 where nuqDaq
14 when ghorgh
15 how chay'
16 not -be', -Qo'
17 all Hoch
18 many law'
19 some 'op
20 few puS
21 other latlh
22 one wa'
23 two cha'
24 three wej
25 four loS
26 five vagh
27 big tIn
28 long tIq, nI'
29 wide vaS
30 thick jeD
31 heavy 'ugh
32 small mach
33 short run, ngaj
34 narrow lang
35 thin lang
36 woman be'
37 man (adult male) loD
38 man (human being) ghot, yoq
39 child puq
40 wife be'nal
41 husband loDnal
42 mother SoS
43 father vav
44 animal Ha'DIbaH
45 fish ghotI'
46 bird bo'Degh
47 dog
48 louse
49 snake ghargh
50 worm ghargh
51 tree Sor
52 forest ngem
53 stick naQHom
54 fruit naH
55 seed raS'IS
56 leaf por
57 root 'oQqar
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower 'InSong
60 grass magh
61 rope tlhegh
62 skin DIr
63 meat Ha'DIbaH
64 blood 'Iw
65 bone Hom
66 fat (noun) tlhagh
67 egg QIm
68 horn pu'
69 tail tlhuQ
70 feather bo
71 hair pob, jIb
72 head nach
73 ear teS, qogh
74 eye mIn
75 nose ghIch
76 mouth nuj
77 tooth Ho'
78 tongue (organ) jat
79 fingernail nItlhpach
80 foot qam
81 leg 'uS
82 knee qIv
83 hand ghop
84 wing tel
85 belly chor
86 guts
87 neck mong
88 back Dub
89 breast ngob'at
90 heart tIq
91 liver chej
92 to drink tlhutlh
93 to eat Sop
94 to bite chop
95 to suck rem
96 to spit tlhIS, tuy'
97 to vomit 'em
98 to blow jo'
99 to breathe tlhuH
100 to laugh Hagh
101 to see legh
102 to hear Qoy
103 to know Sov
104 to think Qub
105 to smell largh, He'
106 to fear -vIp
107 to sleep Qong
108 to live yIn
109 to die Hegh
110 to kill HoH
111 to fight Suv, ghob
112 to hunt wam
113 to hit qIp
114 to cut pe'
115 to split wav
116 to stab DuQ
117 to scratch lot
118 to dig tlhan
119 to swim Qal
120 to fly puv
121 to walk yIt
122 to come chol
123 to lie (as in a bed) Qot
124 to sit ba'
125 to stand Qam
126 to turn (intransitive) tlhe'
127 to fall pum
128 to give nob
129 to hold 'uch
130 to squeeze ngaH
131 to rub
132 to wash Say'moH
133 to wipe
134 to pull Hoq,Hur
135 to push yuv
136 to throw vo'
137 to tie bagh
138 to sew
139 to count togh
140 to say jatlh
141 to sing bom
142 to play reH, Quj
143 to float 'al
144 to flow ghIt
145 to freeze taDmoH
146 to swell lun
147 sun jul
148 moon maS
149 star Hov
150 water bIQ
151 rain SIS
152 river bIQtIq
153 lake ngeng
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone nagh
157 sand Do'ol
158 dust Say'qIS
159 earth lam
160 cloud 'eng
161 fog vI'laS
162 sky chal
163 wind SuS
164 snow peD
165 ice chuch
166 smoke tlhIch
167 fire qul
168 ash tIpqan
169 to burn meQ
170 road taw
171 mountain HuD
172 red Doq
173 green SuD
174 yellow SuD
175 white chIS
176 black qIj
177 night ram
178 day jaj
179 year DIS
180 warm ghun
181 cold bIr
182 full buy'
183 new chu'
184 old ngo', qan
185 good QaQ
186 bad qab
187 rotten non
188 dirty lam
189 straight wan
190 round rutlh
191 sharp (as a knife) jej
192 dull (as a knife) jejHa'
193 smooth Hab
194 wet yIQ
195 dry QaD
196 correct lugh
197 near Sum
198 far Hop
199 right nIH
200 left poS
201 at -Daq
202 in -Daq, qoDDaq
203 with No direct equivalent
204 and je, 'ej
205 if -chugh
206 because -mo'
207 name pong
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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