Appendix:Lingua Franca Nova Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Lingua Franca Nova, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Lingua Franca Nova
(elefen)
1 I me
2 you (singular) tu
3 he, she, it el
4 we nos
5 you (plural) vos
6 they los
7 this esta
8 that acel
9 here asi
10 there ala
11 who ci [ki]
12 what cual [kwal]
13 where do
14 when cuando [kwando]
15 how como
16 not no
17 all tota
18 many multe
19 some alga
20 few poca
21 other otra
22 one un
23 two du
24 three tre
25 four cuatro
26 five sinco
27 big grande
28 long longa [loŋga]
29 wide larga
30 thick spasa
31 heavy pesosa
32 small peti
33 short corta
34 narrow streta
35 thin magra
36 woman fem
37 man (adult male) om
38 man (human being) umana
39 child enfante
40 wife sposa
41 husband sposo
42 mother madre
43 father padre
44 animal animal
45 fish pex [peʃ]
46 bird avia
47 dog can
48 louse piolio [pioljo]
49 snake serpente
50 worm verme
51 tree arbor
52 forest foresta
53 stick basto
54 fruit fruta
55 seed seme
56 leaf folia
57 root radis
58 bark (of a tree) cortex [korteʃ]
59 flower flor
60 grass erba
61 rope corda
62 skin pel
63 meat carne
64 blood sangue [saŋgwe]
65 bone oso
66 fat (noun) gras
67 egg ovo
68 horn corno
69 tail coda
70 feather pluma
71 hair capel
72 head testa
73 ear orea
74 eye oio [ojo]
75 nose nas
76 mouth boca
77 tooth dente
78 tongue (organ) lingua [liŋgwa]
79 fingernail ungia [uŋgia]
80 foot pede
81 leg gama
82 knee jeno [ʒeno]
83 hand mano
84 wing ala
85 belly ventre
86 guts intestin
87 neck colo
88 back dorso
89 breast seno
90 heart cor
91 liver figato
92 to drink bevi
93 to eat come
94 to bite morde
95 to suck suca
96 to spit sputa
97 to vomit vomita
98 to blow sofla
99 to breathe respira
100 to laugh rie
101 to see vide
102 to hear oia [oja]
103 to know sabe
104 to think pensa
105 to smell ole
106 to fear teme
107 to sleep dormi
108 to live vive
109 to die mori
110 to kill mata
111 to fight combate
112 to hunt xasa [ʃasa]
113 to hit colpa
114 to cut corti
115 to split fende
116 to stab dagi
117 to scratch rasca
118 to dig escava
119 to swim nada
120 to fly vola
121 to walk pasea
122 to come veni
123 to lie (as in a bed) reclina
124 to sit senta
125 to stand sta
126 to turn (intransitive) jira [ʒira]
127 to fall cade
128 to give dona
129 to hold teni
130 to squeeze presa
131 to rub frica
132 to wash lava
133 to wipe frota
134 to pull tira
135 to push presa
136 to throw lansa
137 to tie lia
138 to sew cose
139 to count conta
140 to say dise
141 to sing canta
142 to play jua [ʒua]
143 to float flota
144 to flow flue
145 to freeze jela [ʒela]
146 to swell infla
147 sun sol
148 moon luna
149 star stela
150 water acua [akwa]
151 rain pluve
152 river rio
153 lake lago
154 sea mar
155 salt sal
156 stone petra
157 sand arena
158 dust polvo
159 earth tera
160 cloud nube
161 fog nebla
162 sky sielo
163 wind venta
164 snow neva
165 ice jelo [ʒelo]
166 smoke fuma
167 fire foco
168 ash sene
169 to burn arde
170 road rua
171 mountain monte
172 red roja [roʒa]
173 green verde
174 yellow jala [ʒala]
175 white blanca
176 black negra
177 night note
178 day dia
179 year anio [anjo]
180 warm calda
181 cold fria
182 full plen
183 new nova
184 old vea
185 good bon
186 bad mal
187 rotten putrida
188 dirty susia
189 straight reta
190 round ronda
191 sharp (as a knife) agu
192 dull (as a knife) nonagu
193 smooth lisa
194 wet moiada [mojada]
195 dry seca
196 correct coreta
197 near prosima
198 far distante
199 right destra
200 left sinistra
201 at a
202 in en
203 with con
204 and e
205 if si
206 because car
207 name nom
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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