étouffer
French
Etymology
From Old French estouffler
Pronunciation
Verb
étouffer
- (transitive, intransitive) to choke
- (figuratively, by extension) to stop, to inhibit, to prevent
Conjugation
Conjugation of étouffer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | étouffer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | étouffant /e.tu.fɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | étouffé /e.tu.fe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | étouffe /e.tuf/ |
étouffes /e.tuf/ |
étouffe /e.tuf/ |
étouffons /e.tu.fɔ̃/ |
étouffez /e.tu.fe/ |
étouffent /e.tuf/ |
| imperfect | étouffais /e.tu.fɛ/ |
étouffais /e.tu.fɛ/ |
étouffait /e.tu.fɛ/ |
étouffions /e.tu.fjɔ̃/ |
étouffiez /e.tu.fje/ |
étouffaient /e.tu.fɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | étouffai /e.tu.fe/ |
étouffas /e.tu.fa/ |
étouffa /e.tu.fa/ |
étouffâmes /e.tu.fam/ |
étouffâtes /e.tu.fat/ |
étouffèrent /e.tu.fɛʁ/ | |
| future | étoufferai /e.tu.fʁe/ |
étoufferas /e.tu.fʁa/ |
étouffera /e.tu.fʁa/ |
étoufferons /e.tu.fʁɔ̃/ |
étoufferez /e.tu.fʁe/ |
étoufferont /e.tu.fʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | étoufferais /e.tu.fʁɛ/ |
étoufferais /e.tu.fʁɛ/ |
étoufferait /e.tu.fʁɛ/ |
étoufferions /e.tu.fə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
étoufferiez /e.tu.fə.ʁje/ |
étoufferaient /e.tu.fʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | étouffe /e.tuf/ |
étouffes /e.tuf/ |
étouffe /e.tuf/ |
étouffions /e.tu.fjɔ̃/ |
étouffiez /e.tu.fje/ |
étouffent /e.tuf/ |
| imperfect2 | étouffasse /e.tu.fas/ |
étouffasses /e.tu.fas/ |
étouffât /e.tu.fa/ |
étouffassions /e.tu.fa.sjɔ̃/ |
étouffassiez /e.tu.fa.sje/ |
étouffassent /e.tu.fas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | étouffe /e.tuf/ |
— | étouffons /e.tu.fɔ̃/ |
étouffez /e.tu.fe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “étouffer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.