κρύπτω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Unknown. Determination is complicated by the fact that the word is similar to Ancient Greek καλύπτω (kalúptō, “to cover”) in both form and sense, thus indicating possible analogical influence in both directions.
Although traditionally compared with semantically-close Proto-Balto-Slavic *kráuˀtei (“to cover, hide”) (whence Russian крыть (krytʹ, “id”), Old Church Slavonic крꙑти (kryti, “id”), Lithuanian krovinỹs (“cargo”)), De Vaan notes that the Balto-Slavic evidence demands a laryngeal while the Greek excludes it, making a formal relation difficult.[1]
Beekes thus suggests possible Pre-Greek origin due to lack of solid Indo-European etymology, but acknowledges that the variation in labial (which he usually considered to be an argument for substrate origin) may be due to aforementioned analogy.[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /krýp.tɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkryp.to/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈkryp.to/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈkryp.to/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈkrip.to/
Verb
[edit]κρῠ́πτω • (krŭ́ptō)
Conjugation
[edit]| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔκρῠπτον | ἔκρῠπτες | ἔκρῠπτε(ν) | ἐκρῠ́πτετον | ἐκρῠπτέτην | ἐκρῠ́πτομεν | ἐκρῠ́πτετε | ἔκρῠπτον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐκρῠπτόμην | ἐκρῠ́πτου | ἐκρῠ́πτετο | ἐκρῠ́πτεσθον | ἐκρῠπτέσθην | ἐκρῠπτόμεθᾰ | ἐκρῠ́πτεσθε | ἐκρῠ́πτοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | κρῠ́πτᾰσκον | κρῠ́πτᾰσκες | κρῠ́πτᾰσκε(ν) | κρῠπτᾰ́σκετον | κρῠπτᾰσκέτην | κρῠπτᾰ́σκομεν | κρῠπτᾰ́σκετε | κρῠ́πτᾰσκον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | κρῠπτᾰσκόμην | κρῠπτᾰ́σκεο, κρῠπτᾰ́σκευ |
κρῠπτᾰ́σκετο | κρῠπτᾰ́σκεσθον | κρῠπτᾰσκέσθην | κρῠπτᾰσκόμε(σ)θᾰ | κρῠπτᾰ́σκεσθε | κρῠπτᾰ́σκοντο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | κέκρῠμμαι | κέκρῠψαι | κέκρῠπται | κέκρῠφθον | κέκρῠφθον | κεκρῠ́μμεθᾰ | κέκρῠφθε | κεκρῠ́φᾰται | ||||
| subjunctive | κεκρῠμμένος ὦ | κεκρῠμμένος ᾖς | κεκρῠμμένος ᾖ | κεκρῠμμένω ἦτον | κεκρῠμμένω ἦτον | κεκρῠμμένοι ὦμεν | κεκρῠμμένοι ἦτε | κεκρῠμμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | κεκρῠμμένος εἴην | κεκρῠμμένος εἴης | κεκρῠμμένος εἴη | κεκρῠμμένω εἴητον, εἶτον |
κεκρῠμμένω εἰήτην, εἴτην |
κεκρῠμμένοι εἴημεν, εἶμεν |
κεκρῠμμένοι εἴητε, εἶτε |
κεκρῠμμένοι εἴησᾰν, εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | κέκρῠψο | κεκρῠ́φθω | κέκρῠφθον | κεκρῠ́φθων | κέκρῠφθε | κεκρῠ́φθων | |||||||
| middle/ | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | κεκρῠ́φθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | κεκρῠμμένος | |||||||||||
| f | κεκρῠμμένη | ||||||||||||
| n | κεκρῠμμένον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐκεκρῠ́φειν, ἐκεκρῠ́φη |
ἐκεκρῠ́φεις, ἐκεκρῠ́φης |
ἐκεκρῠ́φει(ν) | ἐκεκρῠ́φετον | ἐκεκρῠφέτην | ἐκεκρῠ́φεμεν | ἐκεκρῠ́φετε | ἐκεκρῠ́φεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | κεκρῠ́μην | κέκρῠσο | κέκρῠτο | κέκρῠσθον | κεκρῠ́σθην | κεκρῠ́μεθᾰ | κέκρῠσθε | κέκρῠντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | κεκρῠ́μμᾱν | κέκρῠψο | κέκρῠπτο | κέκρῠφθον | κεκρῠ́φθην | κεκρῠ́μμεθᾰ | κέκρῠφθε | κεκρῠ́φᾰτο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | κεκρῠ́φομαι | κεκρῠ́φῃ, κεκρῠ́φει |
κεκρῠ́φεται | κεκρῠ́φεσθον | κεκρῠ́φεσθον | κεκρῠφόμεθᾰ | κεκρῠ́φεσθε | κεκρῠ́φονται | ||||
| optative | κεκρῠφοίμην | κεκρῠ́φοιο | κεκρῠ́φοιτο | κεκρῠ́φοισθον | κεκρῠφοίσθην | κεκρῠφοίμεθᾰ | κεκρῠ́φοισθε | κεκρῠ́φοιντο | |||||
| middle/ | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | κεκρῠ́φεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | κεκρῠφόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | κεκρῠφομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | κεκρῠφόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀμφικρύπτω (amphikrúptō)
- ἀνακρύπτω (anakrúptō)
- ἀποκρύπτω (apokrúptō)
- διακρύπτω (diakrúptō)
- ἐγκρύπτω (enkrúptō)
- ἐκκρύπτω (ekkrúptō)
- ἐπικρύπτω (epikrúptō)
- κατακρύπτω (katakrúptō)
- κρύβω (krúbō)
- παρακρύπτω (parakrúptō)
- περικρύπτω (perikrúptō)
- προκρύπτω (prokrúptō)
- συγκρύπτω (sunkrúptō)
- ὑποκρύπτω (hupokrúptō)
Related terms
[edit]- κρυπτάδιος (kruptádios)
- κρυπτεία (krupteía)
- κρυπτέον (kruptéon)
- κρυπτεύω (krupteúō)
- κρυπτή (kruptḗ)
- κρυπτήρ (kruptḗr)
- κρυπτήριος (kruptḗrios)
- κρύπτης (krúptēs)
- κρυπτικός (kruptikós)
- κρυπτίνδα (kruptínda)
- κρυπτός (kruptós)
- κρύφα (krúpha)
- κρυφαῖος (kruphaîos)
- κρυφῇ (kruphēî)
- κρυφία (kruphía)
- κρύφιος (krúphios)
- κρυφός (kruphós)
- κρύψις (krúpsis)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (1999), “The PIE root structure *Te(R)Dʰ-¹)”, in Historische Sprachforschung[1], page 12
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κρύπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 786-787
Further reading
[edit]- “κρύπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κρύπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “κρύπτω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- κρύπτω in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- κρύπτω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “κρύπτω”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2928 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- κρύπτω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]κρύπτω • (krýpto) (past έκρυψα) passive -κρύπτομαι (found in compounds)
Usage notes
[edit]- Found only in compounds.
Conjugation
[edit]- See compounds
Related terms
[edit]Compounds:
Other κρυπτ- words
- κρύπτη f (krýpti, “crypt”)
- κρυπτο- (krypto-), κρυπτ- (krypt-) like κρυπτογραφώ (kryptografó)
- κρυπτόν n (kryptón, “crypton”) (chemistry)
And see κρύβω (krývo) for stems κρυφ-, κρυψ-