πῦρ

See also: πυρ

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *pāwər, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥.^[1] The noun was changed to a pure R-stem noun; if it retained the oblique N-stem forms of its ancestor, its oblique base would have been **πῠν- (**pŭn-).

Cognates include Old English fȳr (English fire), Old Armenian հուր (hur), Hittite 𒉺𒄴𒄯 (pa-aḫ-ḫur /⁠paḫḫur⁠/), Tocharian A por, and Tocharian B puwar. Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀢𐀏𐀺 (pu-ka-wo /⁠pur-kawos⁠/, “fire-kindler”), Etruscan 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌄 (verse).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pŷːr/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpyr/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpyr/
(10^th CE Medieval) IPA^(key): /ˈpyr/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpir/

Noun

πῦρ • (pûr) n (genitive πῠρός); third declension

a fire
1. a funerary fire
2. a sacrificial fire
lightning
a fever

Usage notes

Not used in the plural, which lexicalised as πῠρᾰ́ (pŭrắ, “watchfires”) and reanalysed as being in the second-declension; distinguish this from the first-declension noun πῠρᾱ́ (pŭrā́, “funeral pyre”).

Declension

Third declension of τὸ πῦρ; τοῦ πῠρός (Attic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	τὸ πῦρ tò pûr
Genitive	τοῦ πῠρός toû pŭrós
Dative	τῷ πῠρῐ́ tōî pŭrĭ́
Accusative	τὸ πῦρ tò pûr
Vocative	πῦρ pûr
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of πῦρ; πῠρός (Epic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	πῦρ pûr
Genitive	πῠρός pŭrós
Dative	πῠρῐ́ pŭrĭ́
Accusative	πῦρ pûr
Vocative	πῦρ pûr
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

ἐμπῠ́ρῐος (empŭ́rĭos)
ἐμπῠρῐ́ως (empŭrĭ́ōs)
ἔμπῠρον (émpŭron)
ἔμπῠρος (émpŭros)
ζᾰ́πῠρος (zắpŭros)
ζώπῠρος (zṓpŭros)
ῐ̓σόπῠρον (ĭsópŭron)
κεβλήπῠρῐς (keblḗpŭrĭs)
πῠρᾱ́ f (pŭrā́)
πῠρᾰ́ n pl (pŭrắ)
πῠρᾰ́ζω (pŭrắzō)
πῠρᾰκτέω (pŭrăktéō)
πῠρᾰκτῶ (pŭrăktô)
πῠραυγής (pŭraugḗs)
πῠ́ραυνος (pŭ́raunos)
πῠ́ρδᾰλον (pŭ́rdălon)
πῠ́ρδᾰνον (pŭ́rdănon)
πῠρεκβολέω (pŭrekboléō)
πῠρεκβόλησῐς (pŭrekbólēsĭs)
πῠρεκβολῑ́της (pŭrekbolī́tēs)
πῠρέκβολος (pŭrékbolos)
πῠρέκγονος (pŭrékgonos)
πῠρεκτῐκός (pŭrektĭkós)
πῠρέσσω (pŭréssō)
πῠρετός (pŭretós)
πῠρευτῐκή (pŭreutĭkḗ)
πῠρευτῐκός (pŭreutĭkós)
πῠρή (pŭrḗ)
πῠρῐ́ᾱ (pŭrĭ́ā)
πῠρῐᾱ́τη (pŭrĭā́tē)
πῠρῐᾱτήρῐον (pŭrĭātḗrĭon)
πῠρῐᾰ́ω (pŭrĭắō)
πῠρῐγενής (pŭrĭgenḗs)
πῠρῐητήρῐον (pŭrĭētḗrĭon)
πῠρῐ́καυστος (pŭrĭ́kaustos)
πῠρῐλᾰμπής (pŭrĭlămpḗs), Πῠρῐλᾰ́μπης (Pŭrĭlắmpēs)
πῠ́ρῐνος (pŭ́rĭnos)
πῠρῑ́της (pŭrī́tēs)
πῠρῖτῐς (pŭrîtĭs)
πῠρῐφεγγής (pŭrĭphengḗs)
πῠρῐ́φλογος (pŭrĭ́phlogos)
πῠρῐφόρος (pŭrĭphóros)
πῠρῐῶ (pŭrĭô)
πῠρκᾰῐ̈ᾱ́ (pŭrkăĭ̈ā́)
πῠρκᾰῐ̈ή (pŭrkăĭ̈ḗ)
πῠρκᾰῐ̈ός (pŭrkăĭ̈ós)
πῠ́ρνον (pŭ́rnon)
πῠ́ρνος (pŭ́rnos)
πῠρόω (pŭróō)
πῠρρός (pŭrrhós)
πῠρσευτήρ (pŭrseutḗr)
πῠρσευτής (pŭrseutḗs)
πῠρσεύω (pŭrseúō)
πῠρσῑ́της (pŭrsī́tēs)
πῠρσός (pŭrsós)
πῠ́ρωμᾰ (pŭ́rōmă)
πῠ́ρωσῐς (pŭ́rōsĭs)
ῠ̔πόπῠρος (hŭpópŭros)

Descendants

Greek: πυρ (pyr)
English: pyro-

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πῦρ, πῠρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1260-1

“πῦρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“πῦρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“πῦρ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
“πῦρ” in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
πῦρ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“πῦρ”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G4442 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- blaze idem, page 82.
- conflagration idem, page 159.
- fire idem, page 322.
- flame idem, page 325.
πῦρ, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πῦρ, πῠρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1260-1

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