врагъ

Old Church Slavonic

Alternative forms

• (Glagolitic): ⰲⱃⰰⰳⱏ (vragŭ)

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *vorgъ (“enemy, foe”).

Noun

врагъ • (vragŭ) m

1. an enemy, foe
   • XI century, Codex Assemanius, Luke 19:43:

     ѣко придѫтъ дьнье на тѧ · и обложѧтъ врази твои · острогъ о тебѣ · и обидѫтъ тѧ · и окрочѧтъ тѧ в сѫду ·

     jěko pridǫtŭ dĭnĭje na tę · i obložętŭ vrazi tvoi · ostrogŭ o tebě · i obidǫtŭ tę · i okročętŭ tę v sǫdu ·

     For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side,

   • from the Homily against the Bogumils, 181-184:

     аще бо земьнаѥго цѣсарꙗ врагомъ иже бѫдетъ дроугъ то нѣстъ и житию достоинъ нъ съ врагꙑ ѥго оумираѥтъ

     ašte bo zemĭnajego cěsarja vragomŭ iže bǫdetŭ drugŭ to něstŭ i žitiju dostoinŭ nŭ sŭ vragy jego umirajetŭ

     If a man who allies himself to the enemies of an earthly king does not even deserve to live, but is put to death along with them

2. (figuratively) the devil
   • Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “врага”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[1] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 160.5, line 26, In ramos palmarum Homilia (John Chrysostom's Homily on Palm Sunday):

     […] ѿ съврьшивъшааго из устъ младеништемъ и съсѫштиимъ хвалѫ · раздроушити врага и мьстьника […]

     […] otŭ sŭvrĭšivŭšaago iz ustŭ mladeništemŭ i sŭsǫštiimŭ xvalǫ · razdrušiti vraga i mĭstĭnika […]

     […] from the one who made praise out of the mouth of babes and sucklings, that he mightest destroy the enemy and the avenger […]

Declension

Declension of врагъ (o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	врагъ vragŭ	врага vraga	враѕи vradzi
genitive	врага vraga	врагоу vragu	врагъ vragŭ
dative	врагоу, врагови vragu, vragovi	врагома vragoma	врагомъ vragomŭ
accusative	врагъ, врага vragŭ, vraga	врага vraga	врагꙑ vragy
instrumental	врагомъ vragomŭ	врагома vragoma	врагꙑ vragy
locative	враѕѣ vradzě	врагоу vragu	враѕѣхъ vradzěxŭ
vocative	враже vraže	врага vraga	враѕи vradzi

Derived terms

• вражениѥ (vraženije, “augury, enchanting”)
• вражии (vražii, “hostile, diabolical”)
• вражьда (vražĭda, “enmity, wickedness”)
• вражьдовати (vražĭdovati, “to hate, resent”)
• вражьскꙑ (vražĭsky, “hostilely”)

Descendants

• Bulgarian: враг (vrag)
• Macedonian: враг (vrag)
• Old East Slavic: врагъ (vragŭ)
  • Russian: враг (vrag)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: враг (vrah)
  • Ukrainian: враг (vrah)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: вра̑г

  Latin script: vrȃg

• Slovene: vrag

References

• Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “”, in Старославянский словарь (по рукописям X—XI веков) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)] (overall work in Russian), Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 122

Old East Slavic

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic врагъ (vragŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ (“enemy, foe”). Doublet of ворогъ (vorogŭ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʋrɑɡʊ/→/ˈʋraɡʊ/→/ˈʋraɡ/

• (ca. 9^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈʋrɑɡʊ/
• (ca. 11^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈʋraɡʊ/
• (ca. 13^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈʋraɡ/

• Hyphenation: вра‧гъ

Noun

врагъ (vragŭ) m

1. an enemy, foe
   • XI century, Память и Похвала князю русскому Владимиру (Memorial and Panegyric to Prince Vladimir of Rus):

     […] благодать Божия просвѣщаше сердце его и рука Господня помогаше ему, и побѣжаше всꙗ врагы своꙗ, и боꙗхутсѧ его вси.

     […] blagodatĭ Božija prosvěščaše serdce jego i ruka Gospodnja pomogaše jemu, i poběžaše vsja vragy svoja, i bojaxutsę jego vsi.

     […] God's grace illuminated his heart and God's hand helped him, and [he] defeated all his foes, and was feared among all.

2. (figuratively) the devil
   • Лаврентеи, editor (1377), “врагъ”, in Повѣсти времѧньнꙑх лѣ т [Laurentian Codex]‎^[2], 11th century, page (leaf) 52, line -12, s.a. 6545 (1037):

     Радовашесѧ Ꙗрославъ вида множьство цьрквии . и люди хрестꙑанꙑ зѣло . а врагъ сѣтовашетьсѧ побѣжаемъ . новыми людьми хрестꙑанскꙑми.

     Radovašesę Jaroslavŭ vida množĭstvo cĭrkvii . i ljudi xrestyany zělo . a vragŭ sětovašetĭsę poběžajemŭ . novymi ljudĭmi xrestyanskymi.

     And Yaroslav was glad, seeing many churches and many Christians [among his] people, while the devil wailed, being defeated by the newly-baptized.

Declension

Declension of врагъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	врагъ vragŭ	врага vraga	врази vrazi
genitive	врага vraga	врагу vragu	врагъ vragŭ
dative	врагу vragu	врагома vragoma	врагомъ vragomŭ
accusative	врагъ vragŭ	врага vraga	врагꙑ vragy
instrumental	врагъмь vragŭmĭ	врагома vragoma	врагꙑ vragy
locative	вразѣ vrazě	врагу vragu	вразѣхъ vrazěxŭ
vocative	враже vraže	врага vraga	врази vrazi

Derived terms

• врагочьствьно (vragočĭstvĭno, “nefariously”)
• врагочьстивꙑи (vragočĭstivyi, “nefarious”)
• вражедьнꙑи (vražedĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражии (vražii, “hostile, diabolical”)
• вражица (vražica, “she-enemy”)
• вражьбьникъ (vražĭbĭnikŭ, “enemy”)
• вражьбьнꙑи (vražĭbĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражьда (vražĭda, “enmity”)
• вражьдебьнꙑи (vražĭdebĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражьдивъ (vražĭdivŭ, “spiteful”)
• вражьдовати (vražĭdovati, “to hate, resent”)
• вражьдолюбьнѣ (vražĭdoljubĭně, “odiously”)
• вражьдолюбьць (vražĭdoljubĭcĭ, “enmity-lover”)
• вражьдьникъ (vražĭdĭnikŭ, “enemy”)
• вражьдьница (vražĭdĭnica, “she-enemy”)
• вражьдьныи (vražĭdĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражьнꙑи (vražĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражьскꙑи (vražĭskyi, “hostile, related to enemy”)

Related terms

• врагуша (vraguša, “fever”)
• вражениѥ (vraženije, “augury, enchanting”)
• враженꙑи (vraženyi, “enchanted”)
• вражитель (vražitelĭ, “soothsayer”)
• вражити (vražiti, “to enchant”)
• вражьба (vražĭba, “cure”)

Descendants

• Russian: враг (vrag)
• Carpathian Rusyn: враг (vrah)

References

• Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893), “врагъ”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[3] (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 310