Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vorgъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás (“foe, enemy”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *Hwergʰ- (“to commit a crime”).

Noun

*vȏrgъ m

1. foe, enemy

   Synonyms: *neprijateľь, *nedrugъ

Inflection

Declension of *vȏrgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*vȏrgъ	*vȏrga	*vȏrdzi
genitive	*vȏrga	*vorgù	*võrgъ
dative	*vȏrgu	*vorgomà	*vorgòmъ
accusative	*vȏrgъ	*vȏrga	*vȏrgy
instrumental	*vȏrgъmь, *vȏrgomь*	*vorgomà	*vorgý
locative	*vȏrdzě	*vorgù	*vordzě̃xъ
vocative	*vorže	*vȏrga	*vȏrdzi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *vorgovati (“to be in hostile relation”)
• *voržьda (“animosity”)
• *voržьjь (“hostile”)

Related terms

• *voržati (“to ambush; to curse”)
  • *voržařь (“evil sorcerer”)
• *voržiti (“to cheat, to deceive”)
• *vьrčěti (“to grumble, to utter”)
• *vorčь (“fortune-teller”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: ворогъ (vorogŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: ворогъ (voroh)
      • Belarusian: во́раг (vórah)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: ворог (voroh)
      • Ukrainian: во́рог (vóroh)
    • Russian: во́рог (vórog) (poetic)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: врагъ (vragŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰲⱃⰰⰳⱏ (vragŭ)

    • → Russian: вра́г (vrág)
    • → Carpathian Rusyn: враг (vrah)
    • → Ukrainian: вра́г (vráh), ура́г (uráh)
  • Bulgarian: враг (vrag)
  • Macedonian: враг (vrag)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: вра̑г

    Latin script: vrȃg

  • Slovene: vrȃg (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: vrah
    • Czech: vrah
  • Old Polish: wróg
    • Polish: wróg
    • Silesian: wrōg
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: wróg, warg
  • Slovak: vrah
  • Sorbian:

    Upper Sorbian: wróh

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “ворог”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “ворожить”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 177

Etymology 2

Presumably o-grade of Proto-Slavic *vergti (“to roll; to throw”), from Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to turn”) or *wergʷ- (“to cast”). Alternatively reconstructed as Proto-Slavic *vьragъ, akin to Proto-Slavic *vьrěti (“to spring”).

Noun

*vòrgъ m

1. ravine, gorge

Inflection

Declension of *vorgъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*vorgъ	*vorga	*vordzi
genitive	*vorga	*vorgu	*vorgъ
dative	*vorgu	*vorgoma	*vorgomъ
accusative	*vorgъ	*vorga	*vorgy
instrumental	*vorgъmь, *vorgomь*	*vorgoma	*vorgy
locative	*vordzě	*vorgu	*vordzěxъ
vocative	*vorže	*vorga	*vordzi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *ovorgъ/*ovьragъ

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: врагъ (vragŭ)
    • ⇒ Russian: овра́г (ovrág)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: враг (vrag, “dale, gorge; large wound”), овра́г (ovrág, “ravine”) (dialectal)
• Non-Slavic:
  • → Aromanian: vrag (“furrow”)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “овраг”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 178