врагъ

Old Church Slavonic

Alternative forms

• (Glagolitic): ⰲⱃⰰⰳⱏ (vragŭ)

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *vorgъ (“enemy, foe”).

Noun

врагъ • (vragŭ) m

1. an enemy, foe
   • XI century, Codex Assemanius, Luke 19:43:

     ѣко придѫтъ дьнье на тѧ · и обложѧтъ врази твои · острогъ о тебѣ · и обидѫтъ тѧ · и окрочѧтъ тѧ в сѫду ·

     ěko pridǫtŭ dĭnĭje na tę · i obložętŭ vrazi tvoi · ostrogŭ o tebě · i obidǫtŭ tę · i okročętŭ tę v sǫdu ·

     For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side,

2. (figuratively) the devil
   • XI century, Codex Suprasliensis, In ramos palmarum Homilia (John Chrysostom's Homily on Palm Sunday):

     […] ѿ съврьшивъшааго из устъ младеништемъ и съсѫштиимъ хвалѫ · раздроушити врага и мьстьника […]

     […] otŭ sŭvrĭšivŭšaago iz ustŭ mladeništemŭ i sŭsǫštiimŭ xvalǫ · razdrušiti vraga i mĭstĭnika […]

     […] from the one who made praise out of the mouth of babes and sucklings, that he mightest destroy the enemy and the avenger […]

Declension

Declension of врагъ (o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	врагвраѕъ vragvradzŭ	врагвраѕа vragvradza	врагвраѕи vragvradzi
genitive	врагвраѕа vragvradza	врагвраѕоу vragvradzu	врагвраѕъ vragvradzŭ
dative	врагвраѕоу, врагвраѕови vragvradzu, vragvradzovi	врагвраѕома vragvradzoma	врагвраѕомъ vragvradzomŭ
accusative	врагвраѕъ, врагвраѕа vragvradzŭ, vragvradza	врагвраѕа vragvradza	врагвраѕꙑ vragvradzy
instrumental	врагвраѕомъ vragvradzomŭ	врагвраѕома vragvradzoma	врагвраѕꙑ vragvradzy
locative	врагвраѕѣ vragvradzě	врагвраѕоу vragvradzu	врагвраѕѣхъ vragvradzěxŭ
vocative	врагвраѕе vragvradze	врагвраѕа vragvradza	врагвраѕи vragvradzi

Derived terms

Terms derived from врагъ

• вражениѥ (vraženije, “augury, enchanting”)
• вражии (vražii, “hostile, diabolical”)
• вражьда (vražĭda, “enmity, wickedness”)

• вражьдовати (vražĭdovati, “to hate, resent”)
• вражьскꙑ (vražĭsky, “hostilely”)

Descendants

• Bulgarian: враг (vrag)
• Macedonian: враг (vrag)
• Old East Slavic: врагъ (vragŭ)
  • Russian: враг (vrag)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: враг (vrah)

• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: вра̑г

  Latin script: vrȃg

• Slovene: vrag

References

• Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “врагъ”, in Staroslavjanskij slovarʹ (po rukopisjam X—XI vekov) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)], Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 122

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Old East Slavic

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic врагъ (vragŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ (“enemy, foe”). Doublet of ворогъ (vorogŭ).

Noun

врагъ (vragŭ) m

1. an enemy, foe
   • XI century, Память и Похвала князю русскому Владимиру (Memorial and Panegyric to Prince Vladimir of Rus):

     […] благодать Божия просвѣщаше сердце его и рука Господня помогаше ему, и побѣжаше всꙗ врагы своꙗ, и боꙗхутсѧ его вси.

     […] blagodatĭ Božija prosvěščaše serdce ego i ruka Gospodnja pomogaše emu, i poběžaše vsja vragy svoja, i bojaxutsę ego vsi.

     […] God's grace illuminated his heart and God's hand helped him, and [he] defeated all his foes, and was feared among all.

2. (figuratively) the devil
   • 1377, Лаврентьевская летопись (Laurentian Codex), the Primary Chronicle, s.a. 6545 (1037):

     Радовашесѧ Ꙗрославъ вида множьство цьрквии . и люди хрестꙑанꙑ зѣло . а врагъ сѣтовашетьсѧ побѣжаемъ . новыми людьми хрестꙑанскꙑми.

     Radovašesę Jaroslavŭ vida množĭstvo cĭrkvii . i ljudi xrestyany zělo . a vragŭ sětovašetĭsę poběžajemŭ . novymi ljudĭmi xrestyanskymi.

     And Yaroslav was glad, seeing many churches and many Christians [among his] people, while the devil wailed, being defeated by the newly-baptized.

Declension

Declension of врагъ (hard o-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	врагвразъ vragvrazŭ	врагвраза vragvraza	врагврази vragvrazi
Genitive	врагвраза vragvraza	врагвразу vragvrazu	врагвразъ vragvrazŭ
Dative	врагвразу vragvrazu	врагвразома vragvrazoma	врагвразомъ vragvrazomŭ
Accusative	врагвразъ vragvrazŭ	врагвраза vragvraza	врагвразꙑ vragvrazy
Instrumental	врагвразъмь vragvrazŭmĭ	врагвразома vragvrazoma	врагвразꙑ vragvrazy
Locative	врагвразѣ vragvrazě	врагвразу vragvrazu	врагвразѣхъ vragvrazěxŭ
Vocative	врагвразе vragvraze	врагвраза vragvraza	врагврази vragvrazi

Derived terms

Terms derived from врагъ

• врагочьствьно (vragočĭstvĭno, “nefariously”)
• врагочьстивꙑи (vragočĭstivyi, “nefarious”)
• вражедьнꙑи (vražedĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражии (vražii, “hostile, diabolical”)
• вражица (vražica, “she-enemy”)
• вражьбьникъ (vražĭbĭnikŭ, “enemy”)
• вражьбьнꙑи (vražĭbĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражьда (vražĭda, “enmity”)
• вражьдебьнꙑи (vražĭdebĭnyi, “hostile”)

• вражьдивъ (vražĭdivŭ, “spiteful”)
• вражьдовати (vražĭdovati, “to hate, resent”)
• вражьдолюбьнѣ (vražĭdoljubĭně, “odiously”)
• вражьдолюбьць (vražĭdoljubĭcĭ, “enmity-lover”)
• вражьдьникъ (vražĭdĭnikŭ, “enemy”)
• вражьдьница (vražĭdĭnica, “she-enemy”)
• вражьдьныи (vražĭdĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражьнꙑи (vražĭnyi, “hostile”)
• вражьскꙑи (vražĭskyi, “hostile, related to enemy”)

Related terms

• врагуша (vraguša, “fever”)
• вражениѥ (vraženije, “augury, enchanting”)
• враженꙑи (vraženyi, “enchanted”)

• вражитель (vražitelĭ, “soothsayer”)
• вражити (vražiti, “to enchant”)
• вражьба (vražĭba, “cure”)

Descendants

• Russian: враг (vrag)

• Carpathian Rusyn: враг (vrah)

References

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Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893–1912) “врагъ”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[1] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences