پیکار

See also: پیكار and بیکار

Persian

From Middle Persian ptkʾl (“struggle, battle, dispute”).^[1] Compare Manichaean Middle Persian [script needed] (phykʾʾr, “strife, battle”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬀𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬝 (paⁱtiakər^ənaot̰, “he fought against”).^[2] The preverb is from Old Persian 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š, “against, to, towards”), itself from Proto-Iranian *pati- (“towards, to, against”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *próti, and the root is from Proto-Iranian *kar- (“to do, make”), ultimately a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make, construct”).^[3]^[4] Old Armenian պայքար (paykʻar) and Georgian პაექრობა (ṗaekroba) are Iranian borrowings.^[3] The preverb is also found in پرهیز (parhēz, “abstinence, diet”) and پیکر (paykar, “form, figure, body”).

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [pʰäj.kʰɑ́ːɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [pʰäj.kʰɑ́ːɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [pʰäj.kʰɔ́ːɾ]

پیکار • (paykār / peykâr) (Tajik spelling пайкор)

→ Georgian: პაექრობა (ṗaekroba)
→ Old Armenian: պայքար (paykʻar), փայքար (pʻaykʻar), փայկար (pʻaykar) (post-Classical)
- Armenian: պայքար (paykʻar)
→ Hindustani:
- Hindi: पैकार (paikār)
  - → Bengali: পাইকার (paikar)
    - → English: pykar
- Urdu: پَیکار (pēkār)
→ Punjabi: ਪੈਕਾਰ (paikār), پَیکار (pēkār)

^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 63
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904), Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 447
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979), “պայքար”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, pages 19–20
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236