हस्

See also: हँस, हंस, हस, हँसी, हिंसा, and हाँसो

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

হস্ (Assamese script)
ᬳᬲ᭄ (Balinese script)
হস্ (Bengali script)
𑰮𑰭𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀳𑀲𑁆 (Brahmi script)
ဟသ် (Burmese script)
હસ્ (Gujarati script)
ਹਸ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌹𑌸𑍍 (Grantha script)
ꦲꦱ꧀ (Javanese script)
𑂯𑂮𑂹 (Kaithi script)
ಹಸ್ (Kannada script)
ហស៑ (Khmer script)
ຫສ຺ (Lao script)
ഹസ് (Malayalam script)
ᡥᠠᠰ᠌ (Manchu script)
𑘮𑘭𑘿 (Modi script)
ᠾᠠᠰ (Mongolian script)
𑧎𑧍𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
𑐴𑐳𑑂 (Newa script)
ହସ୍ (Odia script)
ꢲꢱ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
𑆲𑆱𑇀 (Sharada script)
𑖮𑖭𑖿 (Siddham script)
හස් (Sinhalese script)
𑪂𑪁 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
𑚩𑚨𑚶 (Takri script)
ஹஸ் (Tamil script)
హస్ (Telugu script)
หสฺ (Thai script)
ཧ་ས྄ (Tibetan script)
𑒯𑒮𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
𑨱𑨰𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰas- (“to laugh”). Compare the reduplicated root जक्ष् (jakṣ).

Further etymology

There is a wide variety of variation in Indo-Aryan forms, as well as in a possible connection to Iranian. An attempt is made to explain their development below. The best way to formally reconcile these varied forms is to reconstruct Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰes-.^[1]^[2] This root's descendants have only been found in Indo-Iranian, and it may have origins as a natural exclamation, though this is difficult to prove.^[3]

Sanskrit जाहस्यते (jāhasyate, intensive): Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰā́-źʰas-ya-tay → *źā́źʰasyatay well described by Grassmann's law. This offers initial evidence for the initial consonant of the root being *źʰ.
Vedic Sanskrit जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ, masculine plural present participle), Pali jagghati (reduplicated thematic present):
PIE: *gʰé-gʰz-o-

→ pre-PII: *ǰʰágʰza-

→ PII: *ǰʰágžʰa- (assimilation of aspiration; may have occurred earlier)

→ PIA: *źʰágẓʰa- (TST assimilation)

→ OIA: *źágẓʰa- (Grassman's law)

→ Vedic: जक्ष- (jákṣa-); MIA: jaggha-
Vedic Sanskrit जज्झतीः (jájjhatīḥ, feminine plural present participle), a dialectal form in the Rigveda, albeit formally cognate with जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ), is difficult to fit into this paradigm. Perhaps metathesis can explain it.
PIE: *gʰé-zgʰ-o-

→ pre-PII: *ǰʰázǵʰa-

→ PII: *ǰʰázȷ́ʰa-

→ PIA: *źʰáźȷ́ʰa-

→ OIA: *źáźȷ́ʰa-

→ Vedic: *जज्झ- (jájjha-)
Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬐𐬁 (jahikā, “prostitute”), 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬍 (jahī) is often tied to this root,^[1] given the similar Sanskrit हस्रा (hasrā́, “prostitute”) from this root. This is not uncontroversial.^[4] Tentatively, it is possible that this is a feminine diminutive nominal Proto-Iranian *ǰahikā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-ikā.
Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) has been interpreted to mean "laughable" and is mentioned as the formal cognate of हास्य (hāsya)^[5] but this interpretation is uncertain.^[6] Moreover, there are formal problems as 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) reflects a Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰas- from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɦɐs/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɦɐs̪/

Root

हस् • (has)

laugh, smile
- DP 01.0822

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

हसति (hasati, present)
हसते (hasate, present)
हसिष्यति (hasiṣyati, future)
हसिता (hasitā, periphrastic future)
अहसीत् (ahasīt, aorist)
जहास (jahāsa, perfect)
जहसे (jahase, perfect)

Secondary forms

हस्यते (hasyate, passive)
हासयति (hāsayati, causative)
जिहसिषति (jihasiṣati, desiderative)
जाहस्यते (jāhasyate, intensive)
जाहस्ति (jāhasti, intensive)

Non-finite forms

हसित (hasita, past passive participle)
हसितुम् (hasitum, infinitive)
हसित्वा (hasitvā, gerund)
हस्य (hasya, gerund)

Derived nominal forms

हस (hasa)
हसन (hasana)
हसना (hasanā)
हास (hāsa)
हास्य (hāsya)
हस्रा (hasrā)
हस्कार (haskāra)
हस्कृति (haskṛti)

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root हस् (0 c, 2 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root हस् (19 c, 0 e)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “has”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^(u̯)hes-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 199
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976), Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 587-588
^ Jean Kellens (2013), “Jahikā et le Vocabulaire Daivique”, in Gifts to a Magus. Indo-Iranian Studies honoring Firoze Kotwal‎^[2], New York, pages 123-127
^ Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1909), “Laughable”, in An English–Avesta Dictionary‎^[3], Bombay: The Fort Printing Press, →OCLC, page 302
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “HAS¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 812

[IAIL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “has”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^(u̯)hes-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 199

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976), Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 587-588

[4] Jean Kellens (2013), “Jahikā et le Vocabulaire Daivique”, in Gifts to a Magus. Indo-Iranian Studies honoring Firoze Kotwal‎^[2], New York, pages 123-127

[5] Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1909), “Laughable”, in An English–Avesta Dictionary‎^[3], Bombay: The Fort Printing Press, →OCLC, page 302

[6] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “HAS¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 812

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